We review 10 best mobile app builders for people who want to make their own app and have little to no coding experience.

We looked at leading app making platforms that have a proven track record in developing modern, functional and visually pleasing mobile apps.

1. Appy Pie

This is one of the most popular app makers on the market because it gives complete newcomers a chance to build their very own mobile app in minutes. Also, Appy Pie comes strapped with a host of unique features that allow users to add:

• In-app purchases
• Ads
• Upload eBooks
• Instant messaging apps

Small and medium-sized businesses find this app builder useful because it offers a wide variety of plans to get users started for free. Once users get a feel for creating apps, then there are great subscription plans that can meet all budget sizes.

Appy Pie places strong emphasis on customer service. The app maker includes an exhaustive list of tutorials, which addresses every possible issue that a user may encounter when building their app. Also, there’s a live chat option available to resolve any problems you may encounter when building your app.

This is an ideal app maker for startups, entrepreneurs and small businesses.

What We Don’t Like

All the templates seem to look the same. While there are options available to help you tinker with layout options and background images, this is not enough; more options should be available.

Verdict

While you won’t be building the next Airbnb app with this product, it nevertheless offers you the ability to create a basic app that will offer all the necessary functionalities.

2. BuildFire

This leading platform is one of the most reliable app builders on the market. Well over 30,000 businesses have used BuildFire to develop their apps. This platform is popular with brands, influencers and small to mid-sized businesses. Within a couple of days, you can publish an app and give your customers access to your product/service resources via the app.

BuildFire is so popular because of its user-friendly interface, easy and fast reconfigurability and virtually limitless customization options. Its intuitive and sleek UI makes building iOS or Android applications a breeze. You can make quick changes and test them in real time.

What We Don’t Like

BuildFire’s billing system doesn’t function clearly; it’s not easy to find previous invoices. The editor should be a little simpler; it may take some time for people to get used to it. Therefore, it would’ve been great to have included additional tutorials on the editor for newcomers to app builders like BuildFire.

Verdict

Even though the editor takes some time getting used to, you’ll build an industry standard app in no time even if you have no coding background.

3. GoodBarber

This app building platform with a curious name is based out of the French island of Corsica and boasts some of the most stunning themes. GoodBarber offers an intuitive and flexible experience when building apps.

And the experience is seamless even if you’ve never coded before. Once you sign up, you can start working on your app immediately. Since the platform is a web utility, you can develop your app across all devices.

However, what really makes this platform stand out from the crowd is the huge list of features it offers including:

• Chat
• Social Networking
• Geofencing
• Push notifications
• iBeacons

The layout of the platform is well designed, so that you’ll be able to see where all the options and add-ons are located.

You can choose whether you want the plan to develop native Android apps for $32 per month or a plan for both Android and iOS apps, which would set you back $96. Both options include an impressively advanced web app.

What We Don’t Like

The app doesn’t provide e-commerce support. It would have been great if the platform had its own online store. However, there is always the option to integrate content from most 3rd-party stores like Amazon or Shopify, and sharing platforms like Youtube, Vimeo or DailyMotion.

Update:

In October 2019, GoodBarber has introduced a “Shopping App” product offering for eCommerce.
Developed for iOS, Android, and mobile web via Progressive Web Apps, GoodBarber Shopping Apps deliver a shopping experience that rivals the most innovative brands among the App builders industry. Awesome designs and built-in eCommerce features complete the eCommerce offering to boost sales conversions

Verdict

This platform offers one of the easiest ways to make an app. We absolutely love that developing an app with GoodBarber is so simple and fun, that every computer user with very basic skills can publish mobile apps.

4. Shoutem

This easy to use platform places a lot of emphasis on design; your app will look stunning and polished with Shoutem’s sleek templates. Therefore, if visually appealing apps are very important to you, then Shoutem should be your choice.

We absolutely love Shoutem’s editor, which is a joy to use. The crystal clear instructions and a beautiful layout give you a preview of how your app will function.

The platform also offers many options to customize so that each app you develop has its own special design and feel. The builder gives users an incredible amount of options to customize themes, layouts, colors and typography. So, your apps will look good and be packed with great features.

Shoutem is perfect for Event apps because of its Social Wall, where users can post pictures and share comments. It also offers great options for retail businesses. In fact, Shoutem’s monetization features such as mobile advertising support give you the option to earn back the money you invested to develop the app. One of the platform’s most attractive features is its integration with Facebook, Twitter, Foursquare and WordPress.

What We Don’t Like

The subscription plan is somewhat pricey. Their least expensive plan that allows you to publish apps on the App store starts at $79. This price might be an issue for small to mid-sized businesses and startups. This is in part to cover the cost of manual reviews due to Apple’s 4.2.6. guidelines.

Also, it’s pretty strange that the website and the app editor interface are only available in English.

One of the features we wish Shoutem offered in its latest version is ad support.

Verdict

While the latest release is impressive, it actually comes with less features than previous versions. Shoutem is also on the pricey side. However, the actual process of developing the app makes up for the lack of some features.

It’s great for making small business apps because of its full integration with WordPress blog and Shopify store.

5. AppMachine

AppMachine is yet another easy and fun to use app maker. A first time app developer will find the process smooth and seamless. This playful platform from the Netherlands comes with a lego-style editor. Well over 200,000 apps have been made with AppMachine. Right now, there are 2 different price plans: Plus at $49 a month and Pro at $69 a month.

What sets this app builder apart from other options on the market is its automation of many tedious processes. For e.g., if you wish to copy all the relevant data from your web page to the app builder, then you can do that by simply adding your URL. You can also transfer information and images from your social media accounts.

The editor with its simple design is both visually pleasing and easy to use. The platform also comes with many beautiful and modern flexible templates to choose from. Also, there are literally hundreds of fonts to make your mobile app unique.

AppMachine is packed with all the necessary app features:

• Ad support
• Push notifications
• Location-based services
• E-commerce options
• RSS feed options
• Social Media Integration
• Loyalty Features

What We Don’t Like

Some of the features offered in the Pro price plans are not yet ready to use. It would have been better had they left them out of the platform until they made them fully functional.

Also, we wish they spent more time improving the performance of the user interface.

Verdict

AppMachine is a great mobile app builder that is easy to use and makes amazing apps. While there are a few features that still need to be introduced, overall this is a phenomenal mobile app builder which will help you develop interactive and modern apps.

6.iBuildApp

This platform uses one of the simplest drag and drop editors, has over a thousand different sleek templates and comes with a built in Content Management System. iBuildApp offers a large selection of tools and marketing features that will make your app look sleek and professional.

The intuitive interface is designed to allow an inexperienced user to develop a fully functional app in 5 minutes. Your customers will enjoy the app’s beautiful layout, simplicity and fast load time.

iBuildApp is a versatile mobile app builder that you can use to develop great and stunning apps with zero programming skills. The builder comes with a free trial, which will let you get a feel for the platform before you make any serious investments.

What We Don’t Like

During the rare times when the app becomes unresponsive, the user has to get in touch with customer service via Zendesk, which can take some time to resolve.

Verdict

You can start publishing feature-rich mobile apps in no time. This popular mobile app builder has been used more than a million times, and is the perfect tool to establish your mobile presence and engage customers and prospects.

This is a perfect option for small businesses looking to enter the mobile app market. We love that with an intuitive interface and a wide array of support options, this platform can be used both by novices and skilled programmers.

7.AppMakr

This is app building platform really grabbed our attention! AppMakr is one of the largest do-it-yourself mobile app builders that offers great solutions to small businesses, non-profits and individuals. Almost 2 million apps have been developed using AppMakr.

The platform offers both free and paid plans. Users can make decent basic apps with the free version. We love the fact that a user without any experience in programming can build a fully functioning app in under 20 minutes. The process of building the app involves adding text, audio, video and HTML elements. Once you’re done, it AppMakr makes it very simple to publish the app on online stores.

The platform also allows the user to perform quality assurance with a set of powerful tools. Also, you can add updates to the app once it’s been published.

And it does this at a very attractive price-the yearly plan will set you back $99 for both iOs and Android apps. This is probably one of the most  affordable app builders on the market.

One of AppMakr’s most attractive features is the simulator that presents results in real-time as you build your app.

What We Don’t Like

The editor leaves much to be desired. While it offers some nice features, it absolutely needs to be redesigned. It doesn’t respond quickly, and is overly-sensitive. It can get pretty annoying when you move an icon, the editor loads which oftentimes can make you misplace the icon in the editor. A couple of times, the editor froze for a few minutes. The editor must be overhauled!

Verdict

Once AppMakr improves the editor’s performance, this could easily be the best platform for individuals and small-business to get started with publishing industry-standard apps.

8. Appery

This is a cloud-based app maker that gives users the ability to publish apps for iOS, Android and even Windows Phone. Since this platform is in the cloud, there’s no need to download or install anything. So, you start developing apps quickly. You can easily share your project with clients, business users or developers in real time.

Appery uses a drag and drop feature to design the UI, and also allows you to implement REST API to your app.

This platform fits well with users of varying skill sets. Eager novices are given instructive tutorials and useful guidelines that will give them the necessary skills to make basic mobile apps, whereas experienced users can build the app using the source code.

Users are given a wide selection of plans-from free plans to those that you’ll set you back $180 a month.

What We Don’t Like

Appery’s non-refundable policy means that you should take full advantage of the free trial before you sign up for a more comprehensive plan.

If you’re a complete newcomer to the world of app building, then you’ll need to set aside some time to get used to the platform. Also, if you want to do something a little more elaborate in your app, then you must have at least some programming knowledge.

Verdict

While this platform is built for both novices and seasoned professionals alike, it is also clear that beginners have to be willing to learn the basics. They can use Appery to build their mobile app with no programming knowledge. However, if users want to take full advantage of the platform, then they’ll need to brush up on their programming skills.

Choosing Appery makes sense for a small team that wants to collaborate on one big shared project. The price tag makes it too pricey for developing simple mobile apps.

9. GameSalad

Here’s an app builder designed for developing games 2D games for Android, iOS, and even HTML5 and OS X. Much like other popular app building platforms, GameSalad comes with a drag and drop interface that allows users to build games without any programming background.

The drag and drop interface makes it very easy to create different levels by setting the stage in your desired order, similar to Mario Level Creator for Nintendo gaming systems.

GameSalad has a scene and actor editor which allows you to include actors in a scene you design using images, sounds and creating attributes.

The platform has an active community forum where users can get assistance and advice from more experienced game designers.

The plans start from free and go all the way up to $299 a year.

What We Don’t Like

GameSalad definitely needs to add more features. Also, there isn’t enough support between older Mac devices and new ones. More features should be added to customize the interface of the game. Also, it takes time to publish your data on the internet.

You can only publish a project directly to the Android platform if you have a pro version.

Verdict

GameSalad comes with impressive functionality and is a great tool for building 2D games. The pricing of this product is reasonable and affordable.

This is a great option for beginner game makers to build simple, fun 2D games. It’s great for learning about game design basics.

10.Mobile Roadie

This platform is one of the giants in the mobile app building market. Its users include Universal, Disney and TED.org. Therefore, as you can imagine, the pricing plans reflect the stature of their client list. The cheapest plan starts at $149 a month, while their PRO plan will set you back $799 a month!

Mobile Roadie is a great builder for artists and bands because it comes with fun community app features like chat and fan wall. Also, the music player can be integrated seamlessly into your app. The platform also offers other advanced and interesting features such as Geo-targeting the content, which gives users content specific to their location. The templates come with many design options,and you can tinker with them to match your style.

What We Don’t Like

The wide range of features on offer makes building apps on this platform time-consuming.

Also, Mobile Roadie doesn’t allow you to preview the changes as you’re developing the app. It’s definitely not a huge deal, but it would have been nice to have this feature.

Mobile Road also needs to work on making the user interface more intuitive.

Verdict

This is one of the best mobile app builders available; not many app builders can claim to offer Geo-fencing, mapping tools and Geo-targeting features. However, all this does come at a price. If money is not an issue, then you can use this platform for your next project.

What is Wrong with Mobile App Builders?

Do your detailed research before you start developing a mobile app with a builder. Different platforms will suit different needs; some platforms are great for small businesses, others are better suited for novices developing apps for fun.

However, we would be remiss if we failed to point out the obvious faults of mobile app building platforms.

By relying on builders to create your mobile apps, you are essentially using machines for your projects. And while you can use machines for mobile app development, it’s often better to use a group of professionals.

Think about it this way. You can use Google Translate to translate foreign texts, but would you really rely on it to translate an important legal document? You probably wouldn’t, and you shouldn’t use machines for mobile app development either.

Apps developed by programmers and those developed by an app builder are two widely different things. While app builders give users the ability to construct an app in a short amount of time and at an affordable price, there are serious drawbacks to using mobile app building platforms:

• Limited Features: You are given a short list of features that you can implement in your app. So, if you have a creative idea for an app, chances are you won’t be able to integrate it with a mobile app building platform.
• Poor Support: If you choose a dedicated team of professionals to develop your app, then you can rest assured that you’ll receive all the technical support whenever you need it. The developers will have a detailed knowledge of the code, and will therefore be able to carry changes swiftly and effectively.Mobile app builders can’t provide that level of technical support. You’ll most probably have to go online and look at forums or online communities to find solutions.
• Slow Speed: Users want their mobile apps to perform quickly and seamlessly. Apps made by app building platforms are significantly slower than those developed by people.
• Basic User Interface: The interface of an app is very important; all the different elements, and graphics should meet your guidelines while being easy to use. App builders can’t provide that level of flexibility in UI design.
• Limited 3rd-Party Services: App builders only let you integrate a limited number of 3rd-party services. Which means that if you want to make your app compatible with Shopify, for example, but that service is unavailable in your builder, then you’re out of luck.

However, there are times when using a mobile app builder can actually make sense.

For instance, if you own a hair salon and need a simple booking app, then using a building platform can be warranted.

However, builders are a fine solution for prototypes. Prototypes are only useful if you want to have an idea how your mobile app will end up looking. You can tinker with them and decide what to add or delete.

Therefore, be wary when mobile app builders claim that apps developed using their services are of the same quality as professionally developed apps. In the best case scenario, an app developed with a building platform will have an uninspiring user interface, a group of loosely connected features and little to no technical support.

We’re here to help! If you have an idea for a sleek modern mobile app packed with amazing features, then get in touch with us, and we’ll make it a reality.

The post 10 Best Mobile App Makers in 2021 to Make Your Own Mobile App appeared first on TMS.

Traditional banks and financial sectors have been playing catch-up for many years. Ever since the Fintech revolution started during the last financial crisis in 2008, banks have been left back because of their reluctance to embrace changes and new technologies.

The fintech revolution has brought better finance management tools, mobile payments, crowdfunding, fast loans, peer to peer lending.

Startups understood that splitting banking services into separate ones and mastering at least one of them will give them great customer satisfaction.

The key for fintech UX is to balance simplicity and security.

The most successful fintech apps are designed to offer a convenient and user-friendly experience that offers additional features for safe managing users’ finances.

Making a fintech app requires an eye for detail. We have experience developing Fintech apps, and we have learned about the issues designers face.

Here are some of the design principles we believe you need to consider when making a fintech app.

General principles to keep in mind

Before talking about specific features, let’s go over some of the most important general principles for fintech design you need to keep in mind at all times.

Focus on the customer journey

To make the app interactive and simple, you need to work on the page layout, content display, and task flow to begin with.

Like the B. J. Fogg’s Behavioral Model suggests, it is important that a user is motivated to use the app.

The app should be able to solve a persisting user hardship and bring something new for enhancing user convenience. Because of that, it is very crucial to grasp the client’s product basics, knowledge of the target audience, and stakeholders.

Placing immediate call-to-action should help users take the desired actions and detailed information should be available when asked for. With this practice, your app will be able to enhance the user’s confidence in smoothly handling their finances.

Avoid information overload

When creating a design, you should always understand and think of the people who are going to use it. Most fintech users can’t make sense of field-specific terms or understand the meaning of certain data.

The most common mistake in the finance industry is overloading the user with a lot of information.

Many app designers don’t understand that this will cause users to spend more than half of their time understanding what each number means when nobody wants to look at the boring text and excel sheets of just numbers and try to make sense of it.

The idea you need to keep in mind is defined by a quote:

“If we design it well enough, perhaps they won’t know it’s a financial service at all”.

In practice, this means clean and simple interface that focuses on what the user is really trying to do.

Instead of displaying all the information on one screen, this app uses animations to segment data while still keeping it easily accessible. – Source

Since fintech apps are made for several purposes, you need to keep data visualization in priority while selecting the color scheme for the app.

Simplify complex data into action

Because these apps come with an inevitable amount of friction, they need to have a simple UX design that requires little effort from users. It’s imperative that fintech apps can translate complex financial data into simple, meaningful, and actionable information.

In fact, simple interfaces are handled better and memorized easier because neural links are formed faster and easier when the brain is not overwhelmed with too many things.

When interacting with the app, the brain tries to simplify the perception of things in order to predict the interaction result.

This means that the solution offered to users should be predictable and it needs to offer a sense of control for the user. Too many elements can confuse or scare the user, so it’s best to avoid any technical and intimidating aspects of personal finance.

Source: Solar Digital

It’s also imperative that fintech apps are  able to translate complex financial data into meaningful or actionable information.

They can calculate any personalized financial metric a user could possibly want – but if it doesn’t explain the significance of the numbers it’s posting, or the meaning behind the financial data, it’s useless.

The best fintech services alleviate the heavy lifting when it comes to bookkeeping, budgeting, or investing, but users still need to remain diligent about their financial upkeep.

The user experience of fintech platform should be designed with mechanics that cultivate healthy financial habits, and promote continued reliance of the platform. These mechanics can be a principal feature of the platform, or manifest in more subtle, granular design touches.

Some of the discrete habit-forming techniques can be as simple as positive reinforcement. When the user accomplishes tasks, reaches financial milestones, or even completes basic actions within the platform, the app can reward the user to reinforce the action they took.

Stay Consistent

A successful design has the purpose of connecting the commercial goals of the organization and the development options it has access to. Any design that is used by the company will need to have the ability to evolve with the changing objectives of the business.

Guide the user

Because each user will have different ideas when they use the app, using shapes and colors as a guide through certain processes will contribute to the effective fintech UI.

Security

When it comes to finances, the most important aspect is security. Designing an easy way to conduct transactions comes with the challenge of making a secure and safe transfer of funds.

Fintech apps have to ask their users for a lot of personal information that will meet financial regulations and fulfill their functions. In order to properly and safely handle the money of the users, these apps also have to add extra security features, like additional log-ins and notifications.

Requiring so much information from users is a major hurdle for fintech apps, so it is important to explain to the users why specific data is needed and try and ease their uncomfortable feelings.

This app tells the user what the info is needed for and entices them to on-board with a strong CTA. Source

To properly secure your user’s information, you should only collect and store crucial information. No one can steal sensitive information which is not there.

For better security, you can take a look at the steps for developing a secure fintech app.

Design elements

Here are some of the design ideas that can offer a good fintech UX.

Choice of Background

App background is worth considering because it is directly related to the efficiency of the app. Fintech design is responsible for the look and feel of an application, and that means deciding the tones and the background colors.

Icons and logos need to match the background so that these items can be easier to locate and navigate.

Being on a mobile device also sets the parameters of how users will see the platform. For example, lots of apps like Twitter and Messenger are starting to create a “Night Mode” setting so users eyes can adjust to night lights instead of using a plain white or brightly colored background.

Animation

Today, the animation is a standard app design element that will please the eye of the users and provide them with excellent UX. And the possibilities of using animation are almost limitless.

But animation and its use should not be the only design element – it is just an elegant addition to the overall design, not a complete replacement.

For simple actions of the user on the site – like signing in, pressing a button, or opening of the menu, it is not appropriate to use complex animation scripts that can distract the user from the goal. The best animation is barely noticeable when interacting with the app interface.

Functional animation

The use of animation in a smooth transition helps with orientation on the elements of the product management interface.

Functional animation helps inform about the result of the action that the user has just performed, but it also enables you to show requested data with graphs and charts. The use of animation in a smooth transition will help focus on the elements of the product management interface.

This app uses smooth animation and intuitive design to guide users through. Source

The convenience of users in moving from one place to another is very important. The use of functional animation allows you to focus on the elements of navigation and at the same time give a positive experience of interaction with the product.

Microinteractions animation

When interacting with a financial product and confirming operations, it is very important to give user feedback. Microinteractions animation is necessary to help inform the user about the result of the action they have just performed.

The app should give a clear and understandable image of the result of the interaction.

The animation of this app clearly indicates that there is some action going on. From finding the available ATMs to displaying a successful task completion. Source

Microinteractions should be designed with animation, buttons, fonts, icons, relevant GIF animations, and other UI elements that will help bring the app closer to the user. This way users will get immediate feedback from your fintech app, which will boost the UX afterward.

Colors

Color pallets are more than just visuals, they represent certain types of information. Choosing a strong color scheme helps lay the foundation for the use of images for visualizing various investment strategies.

Studies show that 60% of people decide whether they’re attracted to a product or a message based on color alone.

By providing color associations with goals and clear financial targets, users can understand and see the expected outcome of their investment.

Like we mentioned before, fintech apps need to keep the data visualization in priority while selecting the color scheme for the app. For example, the colors red and green represent buy and sell, and if your palette drowns out these colors, information will be lost.

Vivid graphics and illustrations enhance the experience, which is important in order to make a dry subject like investing more exciting. This is especially challenging for an investing app, not only because the content needs to be open and easy to understand, but also engaging to promote usage.

Color gradients

Some say that gradients are the new colors, and many apps have started using gradients for their design.

Subtle gradations of tone from light to dark help define the forms and shapes of user interface elements. Using gradients in mobile app UI will make the app look more realistic and appealing.

Vibrant colors and contrast

Even though using strong colors and contrast might be contradictory to using gradients, a well-balanced mixture of various fintech UI design techniques is always welcome.

Using sharp colors has a distinctive function in mobile app design when it comes to the element hierarchy and spatial organization. Based on psychological patterns, intense colors and contrast the colors will stimulate users to actively exploit the potential of your fintech app.

Font

Along with UI design and colors, the font is also important. Being readable and understandable is important for Fintech apps as the fine print and conditions are necessary for completing transactions.

Geometry and isometric projection

One of the returning trends of the fintech industry is making UI elements in the isometric perspective.

Why is this trend important? Because it can really add value to the app’s usability and user experience enhancement. When used correctly, an isometric design is a great means of helping users to easily familiarize with and smoothly navigate your business app’s options.

Display of content and device adaptation

Fintech apps need to be able to display large amounts of data in large tables – reports, statistics, investment reports, etc. In order to properly do that, you need to display these adequately on both the web and mobile versions of an app.

All the information that users are expecting to get, must comfortably fit into any screen to provide great UX for any display size or context.

Create Data Learning Loops

To create a good user experience, it is important to acquire as much updated data as possible.

Today, top technology entrepreneurs like ZestCash and Billfloat are using Google-like processing technologies and online social and financial data to transact advice and serve their clients in a smarter way.

All it takes is to apply for savvy analytics to gain a better understanding, and even be able to predict behaviors of various digital channels all of which gives you insight into your consumer.

Voice-activated interfaces

The voice-aided approach in fintech app interface is becoming a growing trend. The voice-enabled interface will significantly improve the mobile app’s functionality.

This growing trend is becoming critical to many industries and target audiences. The voice-enabled interface can, for example, significantly improve the online shopping experience in eCommerce, assist visually impaired customers to ease the access to the mobile app’s functionality, or even streamline financial transaction flow.

Biometric authentication

Among the future fintech features a successful mobile app must have is biometric identification.

Many companies have started replacing or improving on the inconvenient password-based security solution with the fingerprint input.

However, soon we will be able to see features like biometric authentication options like facial recognition. Because these biometric options offer good user experience, it might be a good idea to start thinking about implementing them into your new fintech design.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Personal Financial Assistant

The technology of full banking automatization, artificial intelligence and predictive analytics will lead the financial industry to a new level in the near future.  In fintech apps, artificial Intelligence has manifested as a personalized financial assistant and advisor.

Voice processing artificial intelligence is offered as an instant service in the majority of customer experience scenarios. Combining big data with behaviour-based predictive analytics in fintech user experience will ensure the precise moment when the user is ready to accept the proposal.

Transparency

Since fintech solutions are detached from physical branches, it would be best if you provide as much related data as possible to keep the products understandable so the users will not have to spend time on help and support channels.

Conclusion

While most companies try to redefine the market, you have to put your customers first, and design plays an essential part in the end user’s journey in fintech.

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If you are looking to make a fintech app or just inquiring about design options, feel free to reach out for a constructive chat and see what we can do together.

The post Fintech App Design: What Is The Winning UI/UX in 2021 appeared first on TMS.

A comparison of the data SkillValue and Hacker Rank, our competition, retrieves from the same type of program for testing programming skills shows that, unlike Hacker Rank, we keep neglecting a lot of areas across the world, including China and a significant part of the Far East.

Hacker Rank maintains a more consistent and wide-ranging presence in these areas compared to us, but, as far as Europe is concerned, we are every bit just accurate. Both of us have secured a recognized position inside the European market.

The YouEconomy movement allows individuals to become chess players rather than chess pieces and take the future of work into their hands, which makes it easier for remote teams to work together and search worldwide for better deals and connections as well as lower costs.

Within this context, I can transfer to you the experience that such young entrepreneurs have accrued across three continents, which will allow you to identify and appreciate the rules of doing business at a global level and will show you how to add a local flavor to your brand.

This article will answer your big question: why get involved in conducting business internationally? You will also become motivated and enthused by the coming together of new arts and media in these settings.

Walk with Confidence in Serbia

Serbia is a surprising place where upfront and frank communication is advised while collaborating with the technical workforce. In 2014, ADAC performed a comparison between 20 costs for different holiday items across European cities. Belgrade’s rating has remained the same ever since.

Belgrade, Serbia’s capital, outranked 19 other established metropoles in Europe, including Ljubljana (Slovenia), Zagreb (Croatia), Budapest (Hungary), and Prague (Czech Republic). Belgrade secured the topmost position in this list based on its €42-basket of consumer goods.

Given this context, Serbia looks appealing to tourists with middle-incomes who enjoy independent traveling. However, Belgrade is far more than an appealing tourist attraction. It has recently become a veritable hub for pioneering businesses.

More and more such companies establish their offices in Belgrade. They bring with them the nomads of the digital world who choose to conduct their work in unique places that boast a vibrant history, such as Serbia. But why is Serbia in 5th place on worldwide developer rankings?

The motive behind their choice is the ability to contract out part of their work to highly proficient programmers that come with a European approach and character in addition to lower per hour rates and exceptional English skills with magical wit.

Within this context, it is a foreseeable development for more Serbia-grounded companies to be established and transformed into successful enterprises. An example to follow is Nordeus, the company that has created the worldwide famous Facebook game, Top Eleven.

Other examples of successful enterprises include Seven Bridges, the developer of software designed to analyze genomic data. Seven Bridges was ranked as one of the 50 Smartest Companies (2016) by MIT Technology Review.

Devana’s ManageWP is another Serbian success. It stands for the multi-site WordPress management tool acquired by GoDaddy to get into the international market, as well as for the further growth of the network, and the sharp learning curve.

Serbia’s Information and Communications Technology/ICT sector lacks both junior and senior professionals in the context of a 41.7% unemployment rate for the 15-25-year age range and a 33.27% unemployment rate for the 15-30-year age range.

Serbia registered an export of services of the software arena valued at €678,3 million in 2015. Moreover, a dazzling number of programmers estimated at 30.000 would commence work instantly against the double of the country’s average wage.

Crazy plans don’t look that crazy anymore. StartIT is a community that intends to instruct and train 100.000 leaders, all young, in 12 Serbian cities by 2020. The biggest support in the history of regional crowdfunding looks like a feasible plan.

It shouldn’t be a surprise that the educated and skilled workforce of the country migrates towards pioneering hotspots in Europe, Asia, or the United States. More than a hundred years ago, two of the most celebrated inventors in the world, both of Serbian origin, Nikola Tesla and Mihajlo Pupin, have done the same. Upon their success, they eventually joined the New York City’s high society.

The Belgrade Museum provides you with a chance to applaud Nikola Tesla and his 160th birthday.  You can also celebrate online via VR headsets. A museum dedicated to Tesla was launched recently in the Wardenclyffe Tower in New York. Using Tesla’s car to take a journey to Tesla’s birthplace sounds like a great way to enjoy your time in Serbia.

Augmented reality was used for the first time at the Historical Museum of Serbia to bring to life Mihajlo Pupin, winner of a Pulitzer Prize, one of the forefathers of NASA, and a dearly loved professor at Columbia University. It is all possible due to the enthusiasm of Ms. Aleksandra Ninkovic Tasic and Ms. Dusica Bojic, the authors of the exhibition.

With such ancestors, it is no wonder that Serbia is at the top of the developer rankings. In addition to amazing working opportunities, Serbia has to offer many fun opportunities that include vibrant night-life and festivals, including the Guca Trumpet Festival or the EXIT, which is the Serbian version of the Glastonbury, held in the Petrovaradin Fortress that overlooks the Danube river in Novi Sad.

With your pockets overflowing with happiness and brass as the Pretenders’ song, Brass in Pocket, is saying, you may be tempted to try a trumpet for yourself or become a virtuoso of the Merak sound yourself. Traveling around the country is a great enterprise, but so is motorcycling around the country with the wind pushing you forward.

The Secret Ingredient

Serbia’s history comes to reinforce its status as the birthplace of numerous engineers, often famous across the world. The country’s reputation in this respect has been secured through an educational system that places a high emphasis on science-related subjects rather than ideological matters.

It is only now that we get to see how the country’s tradition of focusing on mathematics and science as far as education was concerned contributes to preparing the future generation of IT specialists.

People can get an education in Information Technology in 35 higher education establishments. Moreover, in Servia, 33% of university graduates are engineers. All this comes to prove why Serbia stands in the 5th place in developer ranking across the globe.

With an abundance of tech talent, many software development firms establish academies to exert a pull on the smartest post-graduates. These academies offer skill development opportunities as well as potential job placements within the academy’s founding company.

Academies are also a hotspot of innovation that is meant to appeal to informally educated developers, not solely students, drawing them into the core of the companies behind such academies. One more reason for Serbia to be among the best in worldwide developer rankings.

In addition to the academy example, there are universities in Serbia that work together with various software developers. A viable example is that of developers helping university labs on implanting electronic medical devices and controlling and monitoring software.

A good example is medical technical insights provided by developers that have aided in the implantation of a deep-brain stimulation gadget, which was designed to treat and cure acute neuropsychological disorders.

Such long-term collaborative projects between the academic and the IT fields only come to demonstrate that the two domains work together very efficiently with astonishing results.

Serbia is The Go-To Place

Serbia was at the intersection of the Austro-Hungarian and the Ottoman empires, which empowers Serbians with an intercultural mentality that has become a great asset in today’s modern world.

Serbians have the innate ability to efficiently build connections and relationships with representatives of the IT industry from the Netherlands, Israel, and Dubai through the Middle East, Deutschland, Austria & Switzerland.

Adding a personal touch to the process, most technical partners in Serbia commence any business collaboration via a face-to-face meeting despite the long distance that separates them from their potential partners, which sets the foundation of durable relationships.

Serbia has tight business relationships with the Netherlands, which came as a surprise during our Serbian journey. Some of the IT teams we’ve met up with attribute this good relationship to a Dutch IT provider, Levi9, who launched a center for developers on Serbian land to gain access to Serbian engineers.

It seems as though Serbia’s success among the world’s developer rankings is not just a matter of strategic geographical positioning, but also a matter of a well-established reputation for competence.

Serbian IT teams are looking forward to collaborating with the western world. They seek to tackle the biggest problems with their innate problem-solving abilities. They want to collaborate and demonstrate that Serbia 5th place among developer rankings is well-deserved.

Summary:

Serbia is a crucial outsourcing country that has been mastering the technological field for quite some time. Serbian ICT representatives offer cost-effectiveness, loads of talent, and a driven mentality. Their diligence also makes Serbian tech teams to be a valued asset inside any global team.

Are you looking to outsource to Serbia? If so, don’t hesitate to contact us! You might also like to look through our portfolio of software products we’ve made so far.

The post Why Serbia is on 5th place in Worldwide Developer rankings appeared first on TMS.

In the era of the Internet, web design and web development are very prospective jobs and many big companies are hiring new developers on a daily basis. However, the competition is quite fierce so you need to take every advantage you can get.

Since it all starts with the job interview, it only makes sense that you are ready to answer all the web designer interview questions as well as the web development interview questions.

So without further ado, let’s take a look at the commonly-asked interview questions for a web designer. Hopefully, these developer interview questions will help you score the job of your dreams.

Good luck!

General Web Development Questions

Q. Define web development.

A. This is one of the first interview questions for a web developer you will need to answer during the interview.

To put it simply, web development means building functional websites and applications. The key elements of web development are web design and programming.

Q. What are static and dynamic websites?

A. This is one of the commonly-asked web design interview questions and you should know the difference between static and dynamic websites at any given moment. First of all, you have to know that a website is a collection of web pages containing some kind of content.

Static websites are pretty basic and easy to create because you don’t need any programming knowledge for building them. The web pages of a static website are coded in HTML.

Dynamic websites consist of dynamic web pages. They use server-side languages such as PHP, SERVLET, JSP, ASP.NET, etc. The main advantage of dynamic websites is Content Management System (CMS).

Q. Explain Front-End Development and Backend Development.

A. Front-end and backed are two main components of every website. The front-end covers everything you see on the website including but not limited to website layout, sidebar, slider, navigation, footer, etc.

Backed development, on the other hand, is the main coding area with the use of programming language and database.

This is one of the web designing interview questions and answers for freshers that you should be familiar with

Q. What is HTTP?

A. This is one of the commonly asked web technology interview questions. Long story short, HTTP aka Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the protocol that defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.

Q. Name the core technologies around which the web development takes place.

A. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are the main front-end technologies. The main backend development technologies include programming languages such as Python, PHP etc. as well as the databases such as MySQL, Oracle, and others.

Q. What is software?

A. This is one of the pretty basic web developer interview questions and answers for freshers. To put it simply, the software is a general term for all kinds of programs used to operate computers, mobile devices, and similar. It is basically a set of computer instructions and/or data that determines how the computer works.

Q. What are the frameworks in Web Development?

A. This is a web development interview question you should definitely be familiar with because frameworks are a big part of web development.

Frameworks are a complete set of software build to help you develop programs and apps more easily. They carry out a given set of instructions based on APIs, web service, multiple platform layout over the use of web resources, etc.

Q. Name the tools used in web development.

A. When preparing for website development interview questions, you should know that many different tools are used the purpose of the web development. Here are some examples:

– Server: Cpanel, WHM, Command Mode

– File Editor: Notepad++, Adobe Dreamweaver, Sublime Text, NetBeans (JAVA)

– Files: FTP, WinSCP

Q. What are libraries in a programming language?

A. Libraries are very useful to web developers and they are often the subject of web designer interview questions and answers. You should know that they are prerequisite collections of instructions that web developers use directly in their programming.

Q. Name some of the popular programming languages for web development.

A. Many programming languages have been in use lately, but here are some of the most popular ones: C, Java, PHP, JavaScript, C++, Python, Shell, Ruby etc.

Q. What are APIs?

A. APIs aka Application Programming Interfaces are pre-set functions and procedures that allow special features to be accessible over the internet.

Q. What should a junior web developer know?

A. When it comes to junior web developer interview questions, they should have a basic understanding of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, they should be familiar with the commonly used databases, and they should know the basics of programming to be able to create new forms of websites.  

Q. What are web browsers?

A. This is also one of the commonly-asked web designing interview questions and answers and there are many ways to describe what a web browser does. However, we will try to put it as simply as possible and say that web browsers are software programs that allow a user to locate, access, and display web pages.

Q. What is a web server?

A. Web Servers are the backend continuous running programs that allow requests to be processed via HTTP protocols. They are often a subject of the web developer interview questions and answers.

Q. What is web hosting?

A. Web hosting refers to special internet services that allow your website to run 24/7. The common types of web hosting include Linux Web Hosting, Windows Web Hosting, Dedicated Server etc.

Q. What are databases?

A. Just like the name suggests, databases are collections of data. The data is stored in multiple tables form, views, reports, schemes, and queries. SQL (Structured Query language) is currently the most popular database in the world.

When preparing for web design interview questions and answers, you should definitely learn more about databases as they are a very important part of web development.

Q. What are web services?

A. When preparing for web developer interview questions, you should know that there are 2 types of web services:

– Generic: a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each other via the World Wide Web

– Specific: a web service implemented in the particular technology or brand, W3C Web Services

To put it simply, web services provide an object-oriented web-based interface to a database server.

Q. What is the cloud?

A. Clouds are new technologies on which several configurations can be shared from multiple resources over the internet. Cloud computing is an important part of junior developer interview questions.

Q. What are W3C standards?

A. W3C aka World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standard organization for developing standards for the Web Development. It was founded by Tim Berners-Lee who is also the inventor of the Web.

Q. How web development works for businesses?

A. Websites have become one of the most important parts of basically every business. With billions of people online, web development is now something every business owner has to think about.

Q. What is a pseudo-class?

 A. Pseudo-class is a CSS technique for setting the style when an element changes its state. This is one of the web designer interview questions and answers for experienced as well as for beginners.

Q. What is Namespacing in JavaScript?

 A. From time to time, you will have to use global variables in JavaScript where the namespacing ties down a part of the code and registers it with a unique name.

Q. How can you reduce page loading time?

A. This is one of the most important web design interview questions and answers for freshers. Every web developer should be familiar with the practices that can help you reduce page loading time. The most popular ones include reducing image size, removing unnecessary widgets, HTTP compression, placing CSS at the top and script referencing at the bottom or external files, reducing lookups, minimizing redirects and caching, etc.

Q. What is CORS?

A. Cross-Origin Resource Sharing aka CORS enables different resources on a web page to be requested from another domain outside the domain from which the request originated.

Q. What are the advantages of HTTP 2.0 over HTTP 1.1?

 A. If this happens to be one of the web designing questions you have to answer during an interview, there are several things to name. The major advantages of HTTP 2.0 include headers compression, push notification, intelligent packet streaming management, parallel loading of page elements over a single TCP connection, etc.

 Q. How do you take into account SEO, maintainability, UX, performance, and security when you’re building a web application?

 A. This is one of the tricky interview questions on web development because you need to explain that the actions have to be prioritized according to the organization’s type and requirements. For example, if the organization handles vital data, security should be a top priority. If, on the other hand, we are talking about small or medium-sized online businesses, SEO and UX should be prioritized. 

Q. What are the new form elements introduced in HTML5?

 A. The new form elements introduced in HTML5 are:

– <datalist> – specifies a list of options for input controls.

– <keygen> – generates an encryption key.

– <output> – defines the result of an expression.

Q. What’s the best way to integrate 5 different stylesheets into a website?

 A. If, of course, depends on the website but usually combining the stylesheets into single a one is the best way to go.

 Q. What’s the difference between Canvas and SVG?

 A. This is one of the commonly asked interview questions on web designing.

Canvas is an HTML5 element for drawing graphics on the fly with the help of JavaScript. Scalable Vector Graphics aka SVG is used to display vector-based graphics on the web.

 Q. What is the default border size of a Canvas?

 A. There is no default border size of a Canvas. You can adjust using CSS.

Q. What is the difference between ID and Class selector?

 A. ID selector finds and modifies the style to any single element. Class selectors, on the other hand, can find and modify any number of elements.

 Q. What is your preferred development environment?

 A. This is a common interview question for a web developer and its purpose is to determine whether or not you are flexible to work in any environment. Let them know about the environments you are most comfortable working with but show them you are able to adapt to different environments with the skills you have.

Q. Which are the new APIs provided by HTML5?

 A. Speaking about web developer interview questions, you should know that the new APIs provided by HTML5 are media API, text track API, application cache API, data transfer API, user interaction API, command API, constraint validation API, and history API.

Q. What is the difference between the null value and the undefined value?

 A. Undefined means a variable has been declared but has not yet been assigned a value. Null is an assignment value.

 Q. What are the web technologies that you are proficient in?

 A. When answering web designer interview questions, you should mention that you are proficient in HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. In addition to that, you should also be familiar with the most popular frameworks, databases, and APIs.

Q. What are the different types of pop-up boxes available in JavaScript? Explain them.

 A. There are three types of pop-up boxes:

1. Alert – it just displays a message with an OK button.

2. Confirm – it pops up a confirmation message window with the OK and Cancel button.

3. Prompt – it pops up a dialog box asking user input followed confirmation buttons.

 Q. What is Scope in JavaScript? Name the different types of Scopes.

 A. The scope defines the accessibility of the functions and variables in an application. Scopes can be either global or logical.

 Q. What is the difference between ‘==’ and ‘===’ operators?

 A. Though both of them belong to the comparison operator category, the ‘==’ operator checks the value while the ‘===’ operator checks both the value and the type.

Q. By which mechanism in JavaScript can you detect the operating system on a client machine?

 A. JavaScript property navigator.appVersion.

Front-End Developer Interview Questions

Q. What are the basic skills of a front-end developer?

A. This is one of the basic web developer interview questions when it comes to front-end development. A front-end developer should have a good working knowledge of HTML, CSS, JQuery, and JavaScript.

In addition to that, a big plus would be some experience in CMS such as WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla, as well as knowledge of cross-browser testing, OOPS and PHP, and SEO.

Q. How would you ensure that your web design is user-friendly?

A. A good front-end developer works alongside UX (User Experience) designers to ensure the best user experience possible. Frequent testing and ensuring the page is responsive and works equally well on all screens and devices is also an important step of creating user-friendly apps and websites.

Q. What is CoffeeScript?

A. CoffeeScript is a little programming language that assists to write JavaScript code better by presenting you with a more constant syntax and skirting the unusual nature of JavaScript language.

Q. Explain what is Clear.

A. A Clear is utilized when you don’t need an element to wrap around another element, such as a float.

Q. When would you utilize CSS float?

A. One should utilize CSS float when an element on the web page needs to be pushed to the right or left with the other elements being around it.

Q. What is a callback function?

A. This is a function passed into another function as an argument, which is then invoked inside the outer function to complete some kind of routine or action.

Q. How do you structure your source code to make it easy for leverage by your colleagues?

A. A front-end developer needs to explain the use of organization and commenting to their colleagues. They should discuss with the colleagues the use of the notes in the process to explain all the steps they have taken.

Q. Explain what is the difference between Class and Prototypal inheritance?

A. In JavaScript, the system is not class-based like in most of the programming languages; it is prototype-based. So let’s try and explain both types of inheritance.

Class inheritance – a class is a description of the object to be created. Classes inherit from classes and create subclass relationships.

Prototypal inheritance – a prototype is a working object instance. Objects inherit directly from other objects.

Q. Can you explain the difference between visibility:hidden; and display:none?

A. Visibility:Hidden; – It is not visible but gets its original space.

Display:None; – It is hidden and takes no space.

Q. Explain what is the difference between a host object and a native object?

A. A host object is supplied by a particular environment. A native object is a standard built-in object in JavaScript.

Q. What is the difference between XHTML and HTML?

A. HTML is often a subject of website designer interview questions.

HTML and XHTML are both markup languages in which web pages are written. However, HTML syntax is SGML based. XHTML syntax, on the other hand is XML based.

Q. Explain how variables differ in CoffeeScript than JavaScript?

A. In JavaScript, you have to add a semi-colon for variables at the end of it to execute while you don’t have to do that in CoffeeScript. Unlike, CoffeeScript, JavaScript adds up semi-colon with ease.

Q. Can you tell us what are the benefits of Coffee Script over JavaScript?

A. CoffeeScript has a lot of lightweight add-ons like Ruby string Interpolation and Python style list comprehension.

– It enables you to express your program with less code

– It makes even good JavaScript code more readable

– It makes day-to-day tasks easier to perform

Q. What are the differences between Get and Post?

A. This is one of the web technology interview questions and answers for freshers.

A GET request is used for AJAX calls to an API. POST request, on the other hand, is utilized to store data in a database or submit data through a form.

GET requests can be viewed by the users in the URL, whereas POST requests are used in two steps and are not seen by the user. Basically, POST requests are more secure.

Q. Can you tell us when would you utilize CSS clear?

A. CSS clear should be utilized when we want an element on the left or right of the floating element not to wrap around it.

Q. Have you ever used an MVC? What did you like about it?

A. This is one of the web developer interview questions that doesn’t come with just one correct answer and it basically comes down to your own preference. However, if you are able to explain in an articulate way why you prefer one MVC over the other, it will show that you are engaged in it and that you care about the technology. It also shows that you are open to different options and flexible when it comes to your job.

Q. How do you clear a floated element?

A. clear:both

Q. What Is A Tag In HTML?

A. Web design questions like this are pretty common during an interview. To put it simply, a tag instructs the browser about how to format the HTML properly. When you write an HTML page, you enter tags to change the appearance of text, to show a graphic, or to make a link to another page. HTML uses symbols like “<” and “>” to enclose the tags. And symbol “\” for closing the tag.

Q. Can you briefly explain what a Thread-Local object in Python Flask is?

A. Front-end developers use thread local objects internally through Python Flask. With this function, the user doesn’t have to pass objects from one function to another so it is basically a question of user-friendliness. However, keep in mind that obtaining a valid request context is essential for this approach to work properly.

Back-End Developer Interview Questions

Q. What is your favorite programming language and why?

A. Once again, we have a web designing question with many possible answers and it gives you a chance to openly talk about your work experience and preferences. Use this chance to show you are passionate about your job and also make it clear that you are comfortable with several languages rather than sticking with one and one only.

Q. How would you describe the software lifecycle in your most recent position?

A. This web designer interview question has the purpose of ensuring that the new employee will fit in with the organization and the development team.

Most companies today have adopted an agile methodology, some stick with the previously popular Waterfall approach, but the best thing to do when answering this question is to stay somewhere in between.

Q. What is the largest web application you have ever worked on? What coding were you responsible for?

A. Web developer interview questions like this allow the employer to get a better understanding of your background and experience. It helps them understand who you are as a developer and what you’re most comfortable working on. The most important skills and abilities to show here aren’t just about claiming you had worked on huge and important projects in the past. It is more about showing you are able to work in a team, handle complex tasks, etc.

Q. What is your understanding and experience with object-oriented programming (OOP)?

A. This is one of the website design interview questions that might be hard to answer in just a few lines but it is important that the employer knows about your OOP experience since it is a big part of modern web development. Object-oriented programming is a key part of organizing code and making it possible to apply groups of code to various situations.

However, some developers prefer procedural programming where the code organization is focused on action rather than on the object. Neither way is wrong, but by asking web interview questions of this sort, the employer will gain a better understanding of who you are as a developer and what your usual routines and practices are.

Q. Have you ever experienced OOP go wrong? What elements of OO design are most prone to abuse and misuse? How may this be prevented?

A. If you have never experienced OOP go wrong – great. However, you still have to know what elements of OO are prone to abuse and misuse and how this may be prevented. This question is basically just an extension of the previous one and it encourages you to express yourself more freely regarding Object-oriented programming.

It allows you to freely state your opinions about the tools and processes they operate within. You can mention some of the limitations within programming languages, classes or methods, or anything else you believe deserves to be critiqued and/or challenged.

UI Developer Interview Questions

Q. How do you optimize the website’s assets?

A. Website’s assets can be optimized in many ways including file concatenation, file compression, CDN Hosting, offloading assets, re-organizing and refining code, and more. Make sure to name several of them when answering your web application interview questions.

Q. What must you be wary of when developing multilingual sites?

A. There are several things one should pay attention to when designing a multilingual site. Basic things include setting the default language, using Unicode encoding, using the ‘lang’ attribute, being aware of standard font sizes and text direction, and language word length (may affect layout).

Q. What is HTML?

A. HTML aka  HyperText Markup Language is the dominant markup language for creating websites and anything that can be viewed in a web browser. You could read a bit more about the history of HTML if you wish to gain a more in-depth knowledge of the evolution of this markup language.

Q. What is the difference between HTML elements and tags?

A. HTML elements communicate to the browser how to render text. When surrounded by angular brackets <> they form HTML tags. For the most part, tags come in pairs and surround text.

Q. What is “Semantic HTML?”

A. Semantic HTML is a coding style where the tags embody what the text is meant to convey. However, keep in mind that tags that represent formatting (for example, tags for bold or italic) should not be used in Semantic HTML because they provide no indication of meaning or structure.

Examples of semantic HTML tags include the header tags <h1> through <h6>, <blockquote>, <code> and <em>.

Q. What does DOCTYPE mean?

A. The term DOCTYPE tells the browser which type of HTML is used on a webpage. In turn, the browsers use DOCTYPE to determine how to render a page. Failing to use DOCTYPE or using the wrong DOCTYPE may load your page in Quirks Mode.

Q. What’s the difference between standard mode and quirks mode?

A. Back in the days, pages were written in two versions: Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. When W3C, was introduced, browsers couldn’t just start using them like that because most sites on the web would break. Two new modes were introduced to treat the new standards:

Quirks mode – layout emulates nonstandard behavior in Navigator 4 and IE 5. These were needed for websites written before the introduction of web standards.

Full standard mode – the behavior described is the same as described by HTML and CSS specifications. Most of the modern browsers use full standard mode. 

There is also a third option, almost standard mode, where there is a very small number of quirks implementation.

Q. What are the limitations when serving XHTML pages?

A. One of the biggest issues with XHTML is poor browser support. Internet Explorer and a number of other user agents cannot parse XHTML as XML.

Ending thoughts on web developer interview questions

If you want to prepare for your next job interview, the above web developer interview questions should help you to do so. We have covered all types of web design questions and answers you should expect during the interview. From general questions to the specialized web developer interview questions and answers for experienced, you should be able to find all of the answers you may need right in this document.

If you enjoyed reading this article on web developer interview questions, you should check out this one about Python vs PHP. 

We also wrote about a few related subjects like Python frameworks, Python interview questions, Node.js interview questions, React interview questions, best IDE for web development, how to scan WordPress database for malware, and Python web development.

The post Web Developer Interview Questions and Answers appeared first on TMS.

But let’s start at the beginning.

First of all, why would you even care about Node.js interview questions? Well, let’s just say that if you want to score the best developer job, you need to be well-prepared for all JavaScript tricky interview questions. After all, it will all pay off once you get the job of your dreams.

So let’s take a look at some common Node interview questions to help you prepare for your upcoming interview.

Q. What is Node.js? Where can you use it?

A. This is definitely the first among the Node js interview questions.

Node.js is a tool that will help you build scalable web applications and other programs. It is a server-side scripting based on JavaScript and it is especially useful for building apps that are computationally simple but frequently accessed.

With that in mind, Node.js is commonly used for building I/O sensitive web apps, for example, streaming sites. It also comes in handy for creating real-time apps, network web applications, general-purpose apps, and distributed systems.

Q. Why should you use Node.js?

A. One should use Node.js when they want to easily build scalable apps. The biggest pros include:

– It is very fast in code execution

– It is asynchronous and event-driven  

– It is single-threaded but highly scalable

– No buffering

Q. What are the features of Node.js?

A. Node.js is a system built on Google Chrome’s V8 JavaScript Engine which makes it very fast. Since the APIs of Node.js library are asynchronous, they are non-blocking which means that a Node.js based server never waits for an API to return data.

This system uses a single threaded model with event looping. With the event mechanism helping the server respond in a non-blocking way, the server is highly scalable compared to the other servers that create limited threads to handle requests.

Q. Why is Node.js Single-threaded?

A. The single-threaded model is used for async processing. It results in higher performance and better scalability compared to the typical thread-based implementation.

Q. Explain callback in Node.js.

A. At the completion of a task, a callback function is called to allow other code to be run in the meantime with no blocking. The callback is particularly important for asynchronous platforms such as Node.js and all Node’s APIs are written to support it.

Q. Explain the role of REPL in Node.js.

A. REPL stands for Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop – and it performs all the mentioned tasks accordingly. It is used to execute ad-hoc JavaScript statements and it is a very important part of the testing and debugging process.

Q. What is the difference between Asynchronous and Non-blocking?

A. This is one of the JavaScript technical interview questions that you should knot the answer to.

Asynchronous or simply not synchronous means that the HTTP requests are not waiting for the server response. You can continue with other block and respond to the server response when received.

Non-Blocking, on the other hand, is a term commonly used with IO. For instance, non-blocking read/write calls return and expect the caller to call again. Read will wait until it has some data and put calling thread to sleep.

Q. What is package.json? What is it used for?

A. Package.json holds various metadata information about the project. The information contained in this file is then given to npm to identify the project and to handle its dependencies.  

Some of the fields are name, description, author, and dependencies.

The dependencies are then installed whenever the project is installed through npm. Moreover, if the npm install is run in the root directory of the project, the dependencies will be installed in ./node_modules directory.

Q. What is libuv?

A. Libuv is a multi-platform support library with a focus on asynchronous I/O. Although it was primarily developed for Node.js, it’s also commonly used by other systems such as Luvit, Julia, pyuv etc.

Back in the days when the whole Node project started, it was using Google’s V8 and Marc Lehmann’s libev. However, the problem with libev was that it ran only on Unix so they had to come up with the new solution to make it work on Windows, especially once node.js grew in popularity.

Libuv was an abstraction around libev or IOCP depending on the platform, providing users an API based on libev. In the node-v0.9.0 version of libuv, libev was removed.

Here are some of the key features:

• Full-featured event loop backed by epoll, kqueue, IOCP, event ports.
• Asynchronous TCP and UDP sockets
• Asynchronous file and file system operations
• Child processes
• File system events

Q. What are some of the most popular modules of Node.js?

A. Interview questions on Node js often include popular Node’s modules. Let’s take here are some of them:

– xpress

– async

– browserify

– socket.io

– bower

– gulp

– grunt

Q. What is the difference between readFile vs createReadStream in Node.js?

A. readFile reads the entire contents of a file into memory before making it available to the User. readFileSync is a synchronous version of readFile.

createReadStream reads the file in chunks of the default size 64 kb.

Q. Explain child processes in Node

A. We can access operating system functionaries with the child processes. They are very important for scalability and you can use them to run system commands, read large files without blocking event loop, decompose the application into various nodes etc.

Q. Can we send/receive messages between child processes?

A. Yes, we can. We can use send() function to send a message to workers and receive the response on process.on(‘message’)event.

Q. Explain the file system module of Node

A. The file system module performs a file-related operation. It comprises synchronous and asynchronous functions to read/write files. For instance, readFile() function is asynchronous function to read file content from specified path and readFileSync() is synchronous function to read files.

Q. How to scale Node application?

A. There are two ways to scale a Node application:

– Cloning using the cluster module.

– Decomposing the application into smaller services – i.e microservices.

Q. List down your favorite and most useful NPM library

A. There is not one of node js interview questions and answers for experienced with only 1 correct answer. In fact, with Node js interview questions of this sort, you should answer according to your preference. Simply name your favorite NPM library and explain why you prefer it over the others.

Q. How to deploy Node application?

A. When answering Node js questions, you should know how to deploy Node app on several cloud providers. You should be familiar with the basics, including SSH access, git cloning, and running the application in process manager. Once you know all of that, you will be able to deploy the app on various cloud providers.

Q. What is tracing?

A. This is one of the basic Node js interview questions and answers. You should know that the purpose of tracing is to trace information generated by V8. To enable it, pass flag-trace-events-enabled when starting the node.

All recorded categories can be specified by the flag–trace-event categories. The enabled logs can be opened as chrome://tracing in Chrome.

Q. How to avoid Callback Hell?

A. Since Node.js uses single thread only, it happens that it leads to numerous queued events. And that is where the callback comes in.

Basically, every time a long-running query finishes its execution, the callback associated with the query is run. There are 4 common solutions for this issue:

• Modular code – the code split into smaller modules that are later joined together to the main module again
• Promise mechanism – ensures either a result or error; it’s an alternative way for the async code and it takes two optional arguments, one of which is called depending on the state of promise
• Use of generators – they wait and resume using the yield keyword but can also suspend and resume async operations.
• Async mechanism – the module with <async.waterfall> API which passes data from one operation to another using the next callback.

Q. Explain EventEmitter in Node.js?

A. This is a common Node js interview question. You should know that EventMitter class for event module helps with raising and handling custom events. You can access it with the following code:

// Import events module

var events = require(‘events’);

// Create an eventEmitter object

var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter();

Q. What is NPM?

A. This is another common interview question on Node.js and you should start by saying that NPM stands for Node Package Manager. It has 2 important functions:

It works on Online Repository for node.ls packages which are present at <nodejs.org>. In addition to that, it also works as a command line utility and does version management.

You can verify version using below command: npm –version.

To install any module you can use: npm install <Module Name>

Q. Explain the use of method spawn() and fork()?

A. The spawn method is used when a new process is to be launched with a given set of commands. Check out the following command:

child_process.spawn(command[, args][, options])

The fork method is considered to be a special case for spawn() method. The following code shows how to use it:

child_process.fork(modulePath[, args][, options])

Q. Explain control flow function and steps to execute it?

A. The control flow function is the code that runs between asynchronous function calls. Following steps should be followed to execute it:

1. Control the order of execution.

2. Collect data.

3. Limit concurrency.

4. Call the next step in the program.

Q. What are the two arguments that async.queue takes?

A. These two arguments are:

a)      Task function

b)      Concurrency value

Q. What is an event loop in Node.js?

A. Even loop in Node.js is used to process external events and convert them into callback invocations.

Q. Mention the steps by which you can async in Node.js?

A. You can async Node.js by the following steps:

1. First class functions

2. Function composition

3. Callback Counters

4. Event loops

Q. What are the pros and cons of Node.js?

A. When preparing for the Node js interview questions, you need to be well aware of all Node’s pros and cons. Let’s take a look at the most important ones:

Pros:

– In the cases when your app doesn’t have any CPU intensive computation, you can build the whole thing in Javascript, including the basic database level. All you have to do is use JSON storage object DB like MongoDB.

– Crawlers receive a full-rendered HTML response which is great for SEO.

Cons:

– Nnode.js responsiveness is blocked by an intensive CPU computation so a threaded platform would a better approach in those cases.

– Using a relational database with Node.js is considered less favorable

Q. How Node.js overcomes the problem of blocking of I/O operations?

A. By putting the event-based model at its core and using an event loop instead of threads, Node.js overcomes the problem of blocking I/O operations.

Q. What is the difference between Node.js vs Ajax?

A. This could be one of the JavaScript interview questions for 3 years experienced but, luckily, we are here to help with all those technical questions with answers.

The easiest way of describing the difference between Node.js and Ajax is by saying that Node is a server-side JavaScript, while Ajax is a client-side technology. What that means is that Ajax is often used for updating the contents of the page without refreshing it. Node, on the other hand, is used for developing server software, executed by the server rather than in the browser.

Q. What are the Challenges with Node.js?

A. Naming the challenges with Node.js is another of the common Node js interview questions. Technically speaking, it can be a bit challenging to have one process with one thread to scale up on multi-core server in Node.js.

Q. What does non-blocking mean in Node.js?

A. When we talk about non-blocking in Node.js, we are talking about the non-blocking I/O.  We earlier explained how Node uses libuv to handle its IO in a platform-agnostic way. Long story short, a non-blocking request is made and upon a request, it queues it within the event loop. The JavaScript callback is then called on the main JavaScript thread.

Q. What is the command used for importing external libraries?

A. Command require is used for importing external libraries. For instance, “var http=require (“HTTP”)”.  This will load the HTTP library and the single exported object through the HTTP variable.

Q. Which framework is most commonly used in Node.js?

A. The most common framework used in Node.js is Express.

Q. What is the use of Timers is Node.js?

A. Much like the name suggests, the Timer module executes code after a set period of time. It doesn’t need to be imported via require(). All the methods are available globally to emulate the browser JavaScript API which provides several ways of scheduling code to execute at a certain time.

The functions provided by Node.js Timers are setTimeout(), setImmediate(), and setInterval.

Q. What is the use of DNS module in Node.js?

A. This is also one of the common Node js interview questions and one should know that the DNS module consists of an asynchronous network wrapper. Now let’s take a look at the most commonly used functions of this module:

1. DNS.lookup(address, options, callback) – This method takes any website’s address as its first parameter and returns the corresponding first IPV4 or IPV6 record. The options parameter can be an integer or object. If no options are provided both IPV4 and IPV6 are valid inputs. The third parameter is the callback functions.

2. DNS.lookupservice(address, port, callback) – This function converts any physical address to an array of record types. The record types are specified by the second parameter, rrbyte. The third method is the callback function.

3. dns.getServers() – This function returns an array of IP address strings that are currently configured for DNS resolution, formatted according to rfc5952. A string will include a port section if a custom port is used.

4. DNS.setServers() – This function sets the IP address and port of servers to be used when performing DNS resolution. The DNS.setServers() method must not be called while a DNS query is in progress.

Ending thoughts on Node js interview questions

You should always start your preparation before waiting for the review of your resume and cover letter by the HR team, but when preparing for the Node js interview questions in particlular, start with the basics and move up from that. It is important to understand how things work in their core before moving on to the more complicated elements.

If you are looking to gain the best understanding possible of Node.js, you should have a basic understanding of other JavaScript-related systems and elements as well. It would be useful to learn more not only about Node.js itself but also about SAP module, list of SAP courses, Express js interview questions, interview questions for Angular js, benefits of six sigma certification etc.

If you enjoyed reading this article on Node.js interview questions, you should check out this one about Python vs PHP. 

We also wrote about a few related subjects like Python interview questions, React interview questions, best IDE for web development, Python web development, Python frameworks and web developer interview questions.

The post Node.js Interview Questions You’ll Need to Answer appeared first on TMS.

Symfony – the king of complexity

One of our go-to frameworks is Symfony. It is more than 10 years old and has a faithful following, which makes it one of the most stable frameworks out there. Years of development and long support periods (3 years for LTS releases), make it perfect for large-scale, complex projects which fit well with different business-related demands.

What we like about Symfony is the ability to create scalable web applications, and that it enables us to easily adapt to the changing needs of our clients, without having to discard everything we have already done. This is mostly due to Symfony’s bundles and components feature, which enables us to reuse code our developers write or to use some proven components that fit perfectly with this framework.

Another great thing about Symfony is testing. We, naturally, test every app we create to make sure it works properly, and this framework integrates perfectly with PHPUnit and PHPSpec libraries for unit testing and test-driven development, so we can be sure this phase of each project is carried out thoroughly and in a timely manner.

You may hear that Symfony-based apps tend to run slow, but if you make sure to carefully select components and develop new features, you shouldn’t have an issue with that. Also, make sure to upgrade to the latest stable PHP version and use caching systems such as Redis, APC, Memcached or other.

Laravel – the ruler of the front-end

The popularity of this framework is probably another reason to choose Symfony. Confused? No need to be. Laravel today uses several Symfony components, making it a great tribute to the older “cousin”.

At the same time, this framework has at least one benefit over Symfony – it is significantly easier for beginners to use it. Not really an issue for us at TMS, but if you are new to this – it is an important point to consider.

Using a stable “backbone” makes Laravel a great way to start building your web app and make sure it is secure and works well. This framework also has a simple way of expanding application features through Bundles and Composer. Worth a mention is that testing features are embedded into Laravel, to make sure final product is ready.

In our experience, Laravel has proven to work best as a front-end framework for complex back-end systems we develop using other tools. Integration between the two is easily done via API’s that we create for our projects.

Slim – only what you need

One of two micro-frameworks we regularly use is Slim. Since frameworks like Symfony and Laravel are well suited for larger and more complex projects, they are bloated to be used for simpler apps. This is why we rely on Slim and Silex.

With Slim, you can’t go wrong. It is fast and has all the features a micro-framework should have, while not adding anything you might not use and might slow down the final product.

Of course, you can extend it easily if you need to do so. As for us, we usually rely on it to create RESTful APIs to be used with applications we developed.

Silex – two in one

In the end, there is already mentioned Silex. It is based on Symfony and comes in two flavors – fat & slim.

Originally created as a simple micro-framework to be used similarly to Slim for smaller, specialized apps or APIs, but over time it evolved and its fat version is now a full-stack framework.

We love it because it is based on Symfony and works well with applications developed in it. And also because we can expand it easily if we need to. But usually, we plan our projects so well we know how we will use each of the frameworks and do not need to do anything we didn’t expect.

The choice is yours

If you are researching PHP frameworks, you will surely hear of some other examples, like Zend, Yii, CodeIgniter, CakePHP… If you are a developer – when you find the one that fits you – go for it. We can only talk about the ones that have proven to work for the projects we developed.

If you are a business looking to develop a new application – try not to choose before talking to an experienced web application developers. When we put our consultant’s hat on – we look at your needs and recommend the technology stack that would be most useful.

But we are not running away from other frameworks. if you are already using another one and are looking for someone to take over your application development – we are more than happy to take you up on the challenge!

The post 4 PHP frameworks we love working with appeared first on TMS.

To prepare yourself for a React interview properly, you may also watch and follow this short (less than 1 hour) crash course on building a Progressive Web App in React, or alternatively this complete learning path from novice to expert.

• Basic ReactJS questions
• Intermediate ReactJS questions
• Advanced ReactJS questions

Basic ReactJS Interview Questions

1. What is ReactJS?

A: This is one of the first ReactJS interview questions. You need to be able to explain that React is a JavaScript-based UI library. It was developed at Facebook with the purpose of creating interactive and reusable UI components.

React is currently one of the most popular JavaScript framework used for handling the presentation layer for the web and mobile apps.

2. Name some advantages of React.

A: One of the basic React.js interview questions. You should be able to name some of the React’s biggest advantages such as:

• High efficiency: React is known for its flexibility and efficiency because of its own virtual DOM that it creates. It automatically calculates the changes needed to be made in DOM thus avoiding expensive DOM options and making regular updates whenever needed.
• Easier JavaScript writing: Thanks to the JSX syntax which allows you to mix HTML with JavaScript, writing is much easier with React. The user can simply drop a bit of HTML in the render function without having to concatenate strings and React then turns those HTML bits into functions with its JSXTransformer.
• A variety of developer tools: in order to get the most out of React.js, you should install its official browser extension. It comes in quite handy, especially for debugging the app. It gives you a direct look into the virtual DOM as if you were browsing a regular DOM tree in the elements panel.
• Great for SEO: Most of the JavaScript frameworks aren’t particularly search engine friendly, but that is not the case with React. Thanks to its unique virtual DOM that is rendered to the browser as a regular page, the search engines will not encounter the same issues as with reading other JavaScript-heavy apps.
• UI Test Cases: It is very easy to write UI test cases thanks to the virtual DOM in JavaScript.

3. What is JSX?

A: JSX is an XML/HTML-like syntax used by React for extending ECMAScript in order for the XML/HTML-like text to coexist with JavaScript/React code. The syntax is intended to be used by preprocessors (i.e., transpilers like Babel) to transform HTML-like text found in JavaScript files into standard JavaScript objects that a JavaScript engine will parse.

4. What are th disadvantages of React.js?

A: When talking about React questions, one should be well aware of the biggest disadvantages of this framework. Let’s take a look at some you should name.

Disadvantages:

• Integration with traditional MVC framework requires major configurations
• The steep learning curve for the beginners

What that means in practice is that you can write concise HTML/XML-like structures in the same file as you write JavaScript code. These structures will then be automatically transformed into JavaScript code.

5. What is the difference between createElement and cloneElement?

A: This is one of the quite logical React interview questions and answers. Basically, as the name suggests, createElement what React uses to create React Elements, cloneElement, on the other hand, is used to clone an element and pass it new props. Might seem quite obvious, but it is still one of the top 50 interview questions and answers.

6. What is the second argument that can optionally be passed to setState and what is its purpose?

A: When preparing for your React js interview, you need to know that a callback function is invoked when setState has finished and the component is re-rendered. However, keep in mind that setState is asynchronous and that is the reason why it requires a second callback function. However, rather than relying solely on the callback function, one should use another lifecycle method.

7. What is the difference between state and props?

A: This is one of the ReactJS interview questions and answers for experienced as well as for the beginners.

Long story short, the state is a data structure that starts with a default value when a component mounts. It may be mutated across time, mostly as a result of user events.

Props, on the other hand, are a component’s configuration. Think of them as the way for the components to communicate with each other. They are received from the above component and immutable as far as the component receiving them is concerned. A component isn’t able to change its props, but it has to put together the props of its child components. While the props are mostly data, other things can be passed as them as well, for example, callback functions.

Props and state do similar things but are used in different ways. The main difference is that props are immutable and cannot be changed while the state is used for mutable data or data that will change.

8. What is Redux?

A: You need to know a thing or two about React-Redux when preparing for an interview. With that in mind, we have composed several Redux interview questions so let’s start with the most basic one.

The basic idea of Redux is that the entire application state is kept in a single store which is simply a JavaScript object. If you want to change the state, you need to fire actions from your application and then write reducers for these actions that modify the state. The entire state transition is kept inside reducers and isn’t supposed to have any side effects.

The general idea behind Redux is that there should be only a single source of truth for your application state, such as the UI state (which tab is active) or the data state (the user profile details).

All of the data is retained in the Redux store. The createStore function is used to create mentioned stores. This function accepts another function as an argument. The passed in function (also known as the reducer) is responsible for returning the state of the application at a certain point in time which is then persisted in the store.

9. What is the difference between React Native and React?

A: This is another one of the common React interview questions. It all starts with the fact that React is a JavaScript library and it supports both front-end web and being run on the server and it is commonly used for building user interfaces and web applications.

React Native, however, is a mobile framework that compiles to native app components. It allows us to build native mobile applications for Windows, Android, and iOS in JavaScript while we can use ReactJS to build our components.

With React Native, we can mimic the behavior of the native app in JavaScript and get a platform-specific code as the output. It is also possible to mix the native code with the JavaScript if we need to optimize our application further.

10. What do you understand by “Single source of truth”?

A: We have mentioned the single source of truth many time earlier in this article but would you know how to explain what it actually means? Well, you should because this is one of the React interview questions that are pretty basic.

The single source of truth refers to the store used for storing the app’s entire state at one place. The benefits of the single source of truth include the facts that all the components stored there receive updates from the store itself, it is easier to keep track of their changes, as well as debug and inspect the application.

11. What is React Router?

A: React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React. It is highly useful for adding new screens and flows to the application while keeping the URL in sync with data displayed on the web page. The React Router has a simple AP and it maintains a standardized behavior and structure for developing single page web apps.

12. Why is switch keyword used in React Router v4?

A: <div> is used to encapsulate multiple routes inside the Router. The switch keyword, however, is used when you want to display only a single route to be rendered amongst the several defined routes. The <switch> tag matches the typed URL with the defined routes in sequential order. When the first match is found, it renders the specified route bypassing all the other routes.

13. Why do we need a Router in React?

A: A Router is particularly useful for creating and defining multiple routes. When you type a specific URL that matches a path of any route defined inside the router, you will be redirected to that particular route. Basically, you will bypass all the other routes and get to the one you need.

14. How Virtual-DOM is more efficient than Dirty checking?

A: First thing to understand here is that in React, each component has a state which is observable. React knows when to re-render the scene because it is able to observe when this data changes. The observables are significantly faster than the Dirty checking because we don’t have to poll the data at a regular interval and check all of the values in the data structure recursively. By comparison, setting a value on the state will signal to a listener that some state has changed. In a situation like that, React can simply listen for change events on the state and queue up re-rendering.

Long story short, the virtual DOM is more efficient than the Dirty checking simply because it prevents all the unnecessary re-renders. Re-rendering only occurs when the state changes.

15. What is render() in React? Explain its purpose.

A: We should start by explaining that each React component must have a render() because it returns a single React element which is the representation of the native DOM component. If more than one HTML element needs to be rendered, then they must be grouped together inside one enclosing tag such as <form>, <group>, <div>etc. This function must be kept pure and return the same result each time it is invoked.

Intermediate ReactJS Interview Questions

16. What is Flux in JavaScript?

A: This is another one of the common interview questions on React js. You should know that Flux is an application architecture for creating data layers in JavaScript apps. It is neither a framework nor a library, but a type of architecture that complements the concept of Unidirectional Data Flow.

17. What are refs in React? When to use them?

A: Refs are used for storing the reference of element or component returned by the component render() configuration function. In most cases, they should be avoided although there are some instances when using them is useful, such as:

• Managing focus, text selection, or media playback.
• Triggering imperative animations.
• Integrating with third-party DOM libraries.

18. What is the difference between DOM and virtual DOM in React.js?

A: DOM aka Document Object Model is an abstraction of structured code (HTML). Dom and HTML code are interrelated as the elements of HTML are known as nodes of DOM. It defines a structure where users modify the content present in the structure in any way they want (create, edit, alter, modify etc.). Basically, HTML is a text, DOM is an in-memory representation of this text.

Virtual DOM is a representation of DOM objects like a lightweight copy. It is used and provided for free by React.js

19. What are the controlled components and uncontrolled components in React?

A: When answering React interview questions, you should know that the form data is handled by the React components.

A controlled input accepts values as props and callbacks to change that value. The uncontrolled component, on the other hand, is a substitute for controlled components. In these cases, DOM itself handles the form data.

20. What’s the difference between an Element and a Component in React?

A: React element is an object representation of some UI. Basically, it describes what you want to see on the screen. A React component, on the other hand, is a function or a class that optionally accepts input and returns a React element. This is also one of the common interview questions on ReactJS.

21. Explain the difference between functional and class components.

A: The components that return React elements as a result are called functional components. They are basically just simple JavaScript functions. They, however, haven’t been around for long. In fact, they have been introduced with React 0.14.

Class components, on the other hand, have been around for quite some time. They use plain Java objects for creating pages. With the React’s create-a-class-factory method, a literal is passed in defining the methods of a new component.

22. How is React different from Angular and VUE?

A: The core difference between React and Vue is that React lacks any form of “abstraction”. It’s very much just straight JavaScript. This brings some of the drawbacks of of JS.

If you’re a JS expert, React will give you more power. But if you are lacking the expertise, Vue will smooth some of the rough patches for you. It’s also worth noting that Vue doesn’t work with Arrow functions in the same way React does.

VUE.js was launched in 2014 and since then, it has been the most rapidly growing js framework. It is particularly useful for building intuitive interfaces while also being extremely adaptable. VUE is a web application framework that helps in making advanced single page applications.

Angular is a typescript based JavaScript application framework developed by Google, not a collection of libraries and it relies more on HTML than on JS. Despite the slowdown in recent years it’s actually used very widely for government and enterprise projects, which depend on a stable, well-established, and consistent ecosystem.

It is also known as Super-heroic JavaScript MVW Framework. Its initial purpose was to encounter the challenges of creating single page apps. AngularJS is the oldest version of the Angular framework.

In the end, they all have something to offer and being tribal about it is pointless and self-destructive.

23. What is the use of the arrow function in React?

A: The arrow function is something you should be familiar when preparing for React interview questions because this function is very important for React operations. It allows you to predict the behavior of bugs when passed as callbacks hence it prevents bugs caused by this altogether.

24. List some of the cases when you should use Refs.

A: Refs should be used in the following cases:

• When you need to manage focus, select text or media playback
• To trigger imperative animations
• Integrate with third-party DOM libraries

25. What are Pure Components?

A: Pure components are the simplest and fastest components which can replace any component with only a render(). Pure components enhance the simplicity of the code and performance of the application. Consider learning more about them when preparing for React native interview questions.

26. What is the significance of keys in React?

A: When you want to identify the unique virtual DOM elements with their corresponding data driving the UI – that is where the keys come in. By recycling all the existing elements in the DOM, the keys help React optimize the rendering. They allow React to reorder the elements instead of re-rendering them, which increases the app’s performance. Definitely add the keys on your list of ReactJS interview questions and answers.

27. How do you tell React to build in Production mode and what will it do?

A: Typically, you would use the Webpack’s DefinePlugin method to set NODE_ENV to production. This would strip out things like propType validation and extra warnings. It would be smart to minify your code as well because React uses Uglify’s dead-code elimination to strip out development only code and comments, which will significantly reduce the size of your bundle.

28. Describe how events are handled in React.

A: The event handlers in React will be passed instances of SyntheticEvent to solve cross-browser compatibility issues. As we mentioned earlier, SyntheticEvent is React’s cross-browser wrapper around the browser’s native event. The synthetic events have the same interface as the native ones but they work identically across all browsers.

However, React doesn’t actually attach events to the child nodes themselves. Instead, it uses a single event listener in order to listen to all events at the top level which. Not only is this great for the performance but it also means that React doesn’t have to keep track of the event listeners when updating the DOM.

29. What are the advantages of Redux?

A: Speaking of React Redux interview questions, one should definitely be able to name its most important advantages. This is one of the Redux interview questions and answers for experienced as well as for the beginners.

So let’s take a look at some of the advantages of ReactJS with Redux:

• Predictability of outcome – With only one source of truth, i.e. the store, there is no confusion about how to sync the current state with actions and other parts of the application.
• Maintainability – The code becomes easier to maintain with a predictable outcome and strict structure.
• Server-side rendering – You just need to pass the store created on the server to the client side. Not only is this good for the initial render but it also provides a better user experience as it optimizes the app performance.
• Developer tools – From actions to state changes, developers can track everything going on in the application in real time.
• Community and ecosystem – Anyone who has been new to something at some point in life (haven’t we all?) knows the importance of a solid community and its support. Luckily, Redux has a huge community of talented individuals that constantly contribute to the betterment of the library and develop various apps with it.
• Ease of testing – Redux’s code is easily testable and independent, mostly because the functions are small, pure, and isolated.
• Organization – Redux is precise about how code should be organized which makes the code more consistent and easier when a team works on it.

30. Is setState() async? Why?

A: setState() actions are indeed asynchronous. setState() doesn’t immediately mutate this.state. Instead, it creates a pending state transition. Accessing this.state after calling this method can potentially return the existing value. There is no guarantee of synchronous operation of calls to setState and calls may be batched for performance gains.

The reason behind is the way setState alters the state and causes rerendering. Making it synchronous might leave the browser unresponsive. That being said, the setState calls are asynchronous as well as batched for better UI experience and performance. Keep this in mind as this is definitely among the most popular 50 interview questions and answers when it comes to React.

31. Explain the components of Redux.

A: This is another common Redux React question. You should know that Redux is composed of the following components:

• Action — The action is the only source of information that sends data from our application to our store. Actions are sent the store using store.dispatch().
• Reducer — Reducers specify how the app’s state changes in response to actions sent to the store. Since the actions don’t show the application’s state changes, this place determines how the state will change to an action.
• Store — The Store is the object that brings Action and Reducer together. The store has the following responsibilities: Holds application state; Allows access to the state via getState(); Allows state to be updated via dispatch(action); Registers listeners via subscribe(listener); Handles unregistering of listeners via the function returned by subscribe (listener).

That being said, keep in mind that there is only a single store in a Redux application. When we want to split the data handling logic, we need to use the reducer composition instead of many stores.

32. What is Context?

Context enables passing data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level. Which means you can deep-nest items without issue.

It is primarily used when some data needs to be accessible by many components at different nesting levels.

Advanced ReactJS Interview Questions

33. Explain mixin or higher order components (HOC) in React.

A: HOC in React are functions that take and return components. Basically, it reuses component logic. That being said, you should also know that HOC isn’t exactly a part of React API. They are functions that loop over and apply functions to every element in an array. Keep that in mind when answering React js questions.

34. What are synthetic events in React?

A: When talking about React js interview questions and answers, we should mention the synthetic events. They act as a cross-browser wrapper around the browser’s native event thus combining the behavior of different browsers into one API. Their purpose is to ensure that the events show consistent properties across different browsers.

35. What can you do with HOC?

A: You can use HOC for:

• Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction
• Render hijacking
• State abstraction and manipulation
• Props manipulation

36. What is Redux Thunk used for?

A: Speaking of ReactJS Redux, you should also be familiar with Redux Thunk used to write action creators that return a function instead of an action. In addition to that, it can be used to delay the dispatch of an action if a certain condition is met. This allows us to handle the asynchronous dispatching of actions. The inner function receives the store methods dispatch and getState as parameters.

Ending thoughts on React interview questions

If you are a developer interested in building interactive UI for mobile users, learning a bit more about React would probably be a good idea. If you have already decided to give it a try and join the industry, here is a list of the React interview questions that you should prepare for.

We did our best to cover all the basics and give you the most important answers about the major elements of React.js as well as Redux. Hopefully, this React js interview questions and answers pdf will be of help to you.

If you enjoyed reading this article on React interview questions, you should check out this one about Python vs PHP. 

We also wrote about a few related subjects like Node.js interview questions, best IDE for web development, Python web development, Python frameworks, web developer interview questions and Python interview questions.

The post 35+ Basic & Advanced ReactJS Interview Questions appeared first on TMS.

We love Python here at TMS Outsource, so we have composed a list of the Python interview questions you should be familiar to ensure the interview goes well.

So let’s take a look at the top 50 interview questions (and then some) that will help you get ready for a Python interview. From Python interview questions and answers for freshers to the Django interview questions and answers for experienced, we tried to cover it all.

Python Interview Questions

Q. What is Python and can you name some of its features?

A. This is one of the first programming interview questions. You have to know that Python is a programming language. It is object-oriented and interactive and was designed to be highly readable. Unlike other languages, it doesn’t require compilation before running because it is interpreter-based.

There is no need to define the datatypes of the declared variables and it is dynamically typed. For example, you can declare variable x=10 and then x=”Hello World” and it will define the datatype by default depending on its value.

In Python, functions are first-class objects.

This programming language can be used for cross-platform applications including but not limited to big data applications, web applications, scientific models etc.

Q. What is the maximum length of an identifier?

A.  This is one of the tricky Python developer interview questions. The truth is that the identifier can be of any length.

Q. What are Decorators?

A. Decorators in Python are used for modifying or injecting code in functions or classes. They are also used to check for permission and for logging the calls.

Q. What is the Memory Management in Python?

A. Python uses a private heap space for its memory management. The data structures, as well as all the objects, are located in a private heap.

Q. Python is one Line. Explain this statement.

A. Python is an interpreted programming language with threads, objects, modules, exceptions etc, while it also has the possibility of automatic memory management.

Q. Explain the interpretation in Python.

A. Programs in python run directly from the source code.

Q. Explain the rules for local and global variables in Python.

A. If the variable is defined outside function then it is global. If, on the other hand, it is an assigned new value inside the function then it is a local variable.

Q. How to share global variable in Python?

A. A global variable can be shared by creating a configuration file store the global variable to be shared across modules.

Q. How to pass optional or keyword parameters from one function to another?

A. We can arrange arguments using the * and ** specifiers in the function’s parameter list.

Q. What are the different types of sequences in Python?

A. Different types of sequences in Python are Strings, Unicode strings, lists, tuples, buffers and, xrange objects.

Q. What is the Lambda form in Python?

A. Lambda keyword is used to create throw-away functions that are small, random, and anonymous.

Q. What is Pickling in Python?

A. Pickle is a standard module which serializes and de-serializes a Python object structure.

Q. How can an object be copied in Python?

A. There are 2 ways to copy objects in Python: Shallow copy & Deep copy.

Q. How do I convert a string to a number?

A. A string can be converted to a number with several different built-functions.

Q. How can you send email from a Python Script?

A. The smtplib module is used to define an SMTP client session object that can be used to send email using Pythons Script.

Q. What is the command used for exiting help command prompt?

A. The command name is “quit”.

Q. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset in Python.

A. The following code can be used to sort a list in Python:

list = [“1”, “4”, “0”, “6”, “9”]

list = [int(i) for i in list]

list.sort()

print (list)

Q. How will you reverse a list?

A. list.reverse() − Reverses objects on a list.

Q. How will you remove the last object from a list?

A. list.pop(obj=list[-1]) − Removes and returns last object from the list.

Q. What are negative indexes and why are they used?

A. The sequences in Python are indexed. The index consists of both the positive and the negative numbers. The numbers that are positive use ‘0’ as the first index and ‘1’ as the second index.

The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents the last index in the sequence and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index. The sequence carries forward like a positive number.

The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string and allow the string to except the last character that is given as S[:-1]. The negative index is also used to show the index to represent the string in the correct order.

Q. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re” module in Python.

A. There are 3 methods of Python’s “re” module.

•   split() – uses a regex pattern to “split” a given string into a list.

•   sub() – finds all substrings where the regex pattern matches and then replace them with a different string

•    subn() – it is similar to sub() and also returns the new string along with the no. of replacements.

Q. What is the difference between range & xrange?

A. In terms of functionality, range and xrange are basically the same.

For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in terms of functionality. They both provide a way to generate a list of integers. The difference, however, is that range returns a Python list object and x range returns an xrange object.

In simpler terms, xrange doesn’t generate a static list at run-time as range does. Instead, it creates the values with a special technique called yielding. With that in mind, if you need to generate a list for a huge range, xrange would probably be the better function to use.

This also applies to those using a memory sensitive system (e.g. mobile phone) because they might experience a Memory Error and their program might crash. This can be a result of range using a lot of memory to create an array of integers.

Q. Explain the map function.

A. The map function executes the function given as the first argument on all the elements of the iterable given as the second argument. If the function given takes in more than 1 arguments, then many iterables are given.

Q. How to get indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array?

A. We can get the indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array using the below code:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])

print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1])

Q. What is a Python module?

A. A module in Python allows you to logically organize your code. Basically, it is a script that contains import statements, functions, classes, variable definitions etc. DLL files and zip files can also be modules. You can refer to the module name as a string that is stored in the global variable name.

Q. Name the File-related modules in Python.

A. The Python modules/libraries enable you to manipulate binary files and text files on the file system. With their help, you can easily create new files, copy them, delete them, update their content etc.

The libraries are: os, os.path, and shutil.

os and os.path – modules include functions for accessing the filesystem

shutil – module enables you to copy and delete the files.

Q. Explain the use of “with” statement.

A. The “with” statement in Python is used to open a file, process its data, and close the file without calling a close() method. The “with” statement also provides cleanup activities to make the exception handling simpler.

The general form of with:

with open(“filename”, “mode”) as file-var:

processing statements

note: no need to close the file by calling close() upon file-var.close()

Q. Explain all the file processing modes supported by Python.

A. In Python, there are 3 modes that allow you to process files:

read-only mode, write-only mode, read-write mode, and append mode by specifying the flags “r”, “w”, “rw”, “a” respectively.

A text file can be opened in any one of the above said modes by specifying the option “t” along with

“r”, “w”, “rw”, and “a”, so that the preceding modes become “rt”, “wt”, “rwt”, and “at”.A binary file can be opened in any one of the above said modes by specifying the option “b” along with “r”, “w”, “rw”, and “a” so that the preceding modes become “rb”, “wb”, “rwb”, “ab”.

Q. How many sequence types are supported by Python? What are they?

A. Python supports 7 sequence types. They are str, list, tuple, Unicode, byte array, xrange, and buffer. where xrange is deprecated in python 3.5.X.

Q. How do you perform pattern matching in Python?

A. With the regular Expressions/REs/ regexes, we can specify expressions that match certain elements of the given string. For example, we can define a regular expression to match a single character or a digit, a telephone number, an email address, and similar. The Python’s “re” module provides regular expression patterns and was introduced in the later versions of Python 2.5. With the “re” module, we can search text strings, replace text strings, split text strings based on the defined pattern etc.

Q. How to display the contents of a text file in reverse order?

A.

1.         convert the given file into a list.

2.         reverse the list by using reversed()

3.         Eg: for line in reversed(list(open(“file-name”,”r”))):

4.         print(line)

Q. What is the difference between NumPy and SciPy?

A. There are several ways to describe the difference between NumPy and SciPy when answering Python coding interview questions.

1. In the perfect case, NumPy would contain nothing but the array data type and the most basic operations including indexing, sorting, reshaping, and basic elementwise functions.

2. All numerical code would be contained in SciPy. With that in mind, one of NumPy’s goals is compatibility, so NumPy tries to retain all features supported by either of its predecessors.

3. As a result of that, NumPy contains some linear algebra functions, even though functions of these type actually belong in SciPy. SciPy contains more fully-featured versions of the linear algebra modules, as well as many other numerical algorithms.

4. However, if you are working with Python, you should probably install both NumPy and SciPy. Most new features belong in SciPy rather than NumPy.

Q. Name few Python modules for statistical, numerical, and scientific computations.

A. NumPy – provides an array/matrix type, and it is useful for doing computations on arrays.

Scipy – provides methods for doing numeric integrals, solving differential equations, and similar.

Pylab – a module for generating and saving plots.

Q. What is TkInter?

A. TkInter is a Python library and a toolkit for GUI development. It provides support for various GUI tools or widgets used in GUI apps, including buttons, labels, text boxes, radio buttons, etc. The common attributes of them include fonts, dimensions, cursors, colors etc.

Q. Is Python object-oriented? Explain OOP.

A. This is one of the Python interview questions for freshers and the answer is – yes, Python is object-oriented. Object-Oriented Programming aka OOP is based on classes and instances of those classes called objects. The features of OOP include encapsulation, data abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism etc.

Q. What is multithreading? Give an example.

A. When preparing for Python interview programs, one should know that multithreading means running several different programs at the same time by invoking multiple threads. Threads are light-weight processes communicate with each other to share information. They can be used for a quick task such as calculating results and the can also be running in the background while the main program is running.

Q. Does Python supports interfaces like in Java?

A. When preparing for Python scripting interview questions, one should know the basic differences between Python and other popular programming languages. And one of the differences it the use of the interfaces.

Python doesn’t support interfaces like Java. Abstract Base Class (ABC) and its features are provided by the Python’s ABC module. ABC is a mechanism for specifying the methods that have to be implemented by its implementation subclasses.

Q. What are accessors, mutators, and @property?

A. Accessors and mutators are also known as getters and setters in languages like Java. Python, however, has a @property decorator that allows you to add getters and setters in order to access the attribute of the class.

Q. Explain the difference between append() and extend() methods.

A. Both append() and extend() methods are the methods of the list. They are both used to add the elements at the end of the list.

append(element) – adds the given element at the end of the list

extend(another-list) – adds the elements of another list at the end of the list

Q. Name a few methods that are used to implement Functionally Oriented Programming in Python?

A. One of the things you should know when preparing for the Python programming interview questions is that Python supports methods such as filter(), map(), and reduce().

filter() – enables you to extract a subset of values based on conditional logic.

map() – it is a built-in function that applies the function to each item in an iterable.

reduce() – repeatedly performs a pair-wise reduction on a sequence until a single value is computed.

Q. Explain what Flask is and its benefits?

A. Common Python interview questions often include questions about Python-based frameworks.

You should know that Flask is a microframework that will provide you with the tools, libraries, and technologies for building your own web application. It is very light and comes with only 2 dependencies: Werkzeug a WSGI utility library; jinja2 which is its template engine.

Since Flask is a microframework, there are very few things to update as well as little chances of developing security bugs.

Q. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?

A. Both help() and dir() functions are used for viewing a consolidated dump of built-in functions. They are accessible from Python’s interpreter.

1.         Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string while it also allows you to see the help related to modules, keywords, attributes, etc.

2.         Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the defined symbols.

Q. W isn’t all the memory de-allocated in Python?

A. This is one of the Python questions that have multiple answers:

1. With Python and especially with the Python modules having circular references to other objects, the memory is not always de-allocated or freed.

2.         It is impossible to de-allocate the portions of the memory reserved by the C library.

3.         On exit, because of its own efficient cleanup mechanism, Python tries to de-allocate/destroy every other object.

Q. >>> a = 0101

     >>> b = 2

     >>> c = a+b

What is the Value of c?

A. When using Python, any number with leading 0 is interpreted as an octal number. So, the variable c will be pointing to the value 67.

Q. How do you represent binary and hexadecimal numbers?

A. If  ‘0b’ is leading, Python interprets it as a binary number.

‘0x’ as hexadecimal.

Q. What Arithmetic Operators are supported by Python?

A. ‘+’     : Addition

    ‘-’     : Subtraction

    ‘*’    : Multiplication

              ‘/’     : Division

              ‘%’    : Modulo division

              ‘**’   : Power Of

              ‘//’   :  floor div

Python does not support unary operators like ++ or – operators. However, it does support Augmented Assignment Operators;

             A += 10   Means A = A+10

             B -= 10     Means B = B – 10

Other Operators supported by Python are & , |, ~ , ^ which are and, or, bitwise compliment and bitwise xor operations.

Q.  What are the basic Data Types Supported by Python?

A. This is one of the common Python technical interview questions and one should know the following data types:

 Numeric Datatypes: int, long, float, NoneType

          String: str

    Boolean: (True, False)

      NoneType: None

Q. How do you check whether the two variables are pointing to the same object in Python?

A. With the so-called ‘is’ operator in Python, you can determine that two variables are pointing to the same object if it returns true.

    Example:

    >>> a = “Hello world”

>>> c = a

>>> a is c

True

>>> id(a)

46117472

>>> id(c)

46117472

Q. What is for-else and while-else in Python?

A. For-else and while-else refer to Python’s way of handling loops by providing a function to write else block in case the loop is not satisfying the condition.

Example :

    a = []

    for i in a:

        print “in for loop”

   else:

         print “in else block”

output:

    in else block

The same is true with while-else, too.

Q. How do you programmatically know the version of Python you are using?

A. The version property under sys module will give the version of Python that we are using.

>>> import sys

>>> sys.version

‘2.7.12 (v2.7.12:d33e0cf91556, June 27 2016, 15:19:22) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)]’

>>>

Q. How do you find the number of references pointing to a particular object?

A. The getrefcount() function in the sys module gives the number of references pointing to a particular object including its own reference.

>>> a = “JohnShekar”

>>> b = a

>>> sys.getrefcount(a)

Here, the object ‘JohnShekar’ is referred by a, b and getrefcount() function itself. So the output is 3.

Q. How do you dispose of a variable in Python?

A. ‘del’ is the keyword statement used in Python to delete a reference variable to an object.

    >>> a = ‘Hello world!!’

>>> b = a

>>> sys.getrefcount(a)

3

>>> del a

>>> sys.getrefcount(a)

Traceback (most recent call last):

      File “<pyshell#23>”, line 1, in <module>

        sys.getrefcount(a)

NameError: name ‘a’ is not defined

>>> sys.getrefcount(b)

2

Q. Write a program to check whether a given number is a prime number?

Synopsys:

    ———————-

    Python checkprime.py

    Enter Number:23

    23 is a prime number

    Python checkprime.py

    Enter Number:33

    33 is a not prime number

A.    Solution:

    A = input(“Enter Number:”)

    for j in xrange(2, int(A**0.5)+1):

        if a%j == 0:

            print A, ‘Not a prime number’

            break

    else:

        print A, ‘This is a prime number’

Q. What is the difference between range() and xrange() functions in Python?

A. range() is a function that returns a list of numbers and it will be an overhead if the number is too big. xrange(), on the other hand, is a generator function that returns an iterator which returns a single generated value whenever it is called.

Q. What are the generator functions in Python?

A. A generator function is any function that contains at least one yield statement. The difference between yield and return is what makes all the difference here. A return statement terminates the function, while the yield statement pauses, saves all states, and later continues from there on successive calls.

Q. Write a generator function to generate a Fibonacci series?

A. Solution:

def fibo(Num):

    a, b = 0, 1

        for I in xrange(Num):

        yield a,

        a, b = b, a+b

    Num = input(‘Enter a number:’)

    for i in fibo(Num):

        print i

Q. What are the ideal naming conventions in Python?

A. The ideal naming conventions in Python are lowercase and underscore.

Examples: is_prime(), test_var = 10 etc

Constants are all either uppercase or camel case.

Example: MAX_VAL = 50, PI = 3.14

None, True, False are predefined constants follow camel case, etc.

Class names are also treated as constants and follow camel case.

Example:    UserNames

Q. What happens in the background when you run a Python file?

A. All interview questions aren’t always about what happens in the first plan. One should also be well-aware what happens in the background when you run a .py file.

When you run a Python file, it undergoes two phases. In the first phase, it checks the syntax. In the second phase, it compiles to bytecode (.pyc file is generated) using the Python virtual machine, loads the bytecode into memory, and runs.

Q. What is a module in Python?

A. A module is a Python file where variables, functions, and classes can be defined. It can also have a runnable code and you will recognize it by the .py extension.

Q. How do you create a list which is a reverse version on another list in Python?

A. Python provides a function called reversed().  Here is an example of how it should be used:

>>> a.format(name=’john’, age=’18’)

‘Name: john, age: 18’

>>> a =[10,20,30,40,50]

>>> b = list(reversed(a))

>>> b

[50, 40, 30, 20, 10]

>>> a

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Q. What is a dictionary in Python?

A. Dictionaries in Python are in a way similar to the traditional dictionaries. Their purpose is to serve as a map in another language and they consist of keys and values. Keys are unique, and values are accessed using keys. Here are a few examples of creating and accessing dictionaries.

Examples:

>>> a = dict()

>>> a[‘key1’] = 2

>>> a[‘key2’] = 3

>>> a

{‘key2’: 3, ‘key1’: 2}

>>> a.keys()        # keys() returns a list of keys in the dictionary

[‘key2’, ‘key1’]

>>> a.values()        # values() returns a list of values in the dictionary

[3, 2]

>>> for i in a:        # Shows one way to iterate over a dictionary items.

    print i, a[i]   

key2 3

key1 2

>>> print ‘key1’ in a    # Checking if a key exists

True

>>> del a[‘key1’]    # Deleting a key value pair

>>> a

{‘key2’: 3}

Q. How do you merge one dictionary with another?

A. Python provides an update() method which can be used to merge one dictionary with the others.

Example:

>>> a = {‘a’:1}

>>> b = {‘b’:2}

>>> a.update(b)

>>> a

{‘a’: 1, ‘b’: 2}

Q. How to walk through a list in a sorted order without sorting the actual list?

A. This can easily be done in Python with the use of the sorted() function. This function returns a sorted list without modifying the original one. Here is the code:

>>> a

[3, 6, 2, 1, 0, 8, 7, 4, 5, 9]

>>> for i in sorted(a):

    print i,

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

>>> a

[3, 6, 2, 1, 0, 8, 7, 4, 5, 9]

>>>

Q. names = [‘john’, ‘fan’, ‘sam’, ‘megha’, ‘popoye’, ’tom’, ‘jane’, ‘james’,’tony’]

       Write one line of code to get a list of names that start with character ‘j’?

1. Solution:

>>> names = [‘john’, ‘fan’, ‘sam’, ‘megha’, ‘popoye’, ‘tom’, ‘jane’, ‘james’, ‘tony’]

>>> jnames=[name for name in names if name[0] == ‘j’]     #One line code to filter names that start with ‘j’

>>> jnames

[‘john’, ‘jane’, ‘james’]

>>>

Q. a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Write a generator expression to get the numbers that are divisible by 2?

1. Solution:

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

>>> b = (i for i in a if i%2 == 0)    #Generator expression.

>>> for i in b: print i,

0 2 4 6 8

>>>

Q. What is a set?

A. A Set is an unordered collection of unique objects.

Q. What is *args and **kwargs?

A. *args is used when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed to a function. It is also used when the programmer is expecting a list or a tuple as an argument to the function.

**kwargs is used when a dictionary (keyword arguments) is expected as an argument to the function.

Q. >>> def welcome(name=’guest’,city): print ‘Hello’, name, ‘Welcome  to’, city

What happens with the following function definition?

A. If you want to pass Python interview coding questions, you have to be able to recognize syntax errors in the code – such as this one. The issue here starts with the function definition. The default argument is following the non-default argument.

According to Python function definition rules, that is not allowed and it leads to an error which causes the program not to run properly or not to run at all. Non-default arguments should be placed first, followed by the default arguments in the function definition. Here is the right way of defining:

    def welcome(city, name=’guest’): print ‘Hello’, name, ‘Welcome  to’, city

The order of passing values to a function is, first one has to pass non-default arguments, default arguments, variable arguments, and keyword arguments.

Q. Name some standard Python errors.

A. TypeError: Occurs when the expected type doesn’t match with the given type of a variable.

ValueError: When an expected value is not given- if you are expecting 4 elements in a list and you gave 2.

NameError: When trying to access a variable or a function that is not defined.

IOError: When trying to access a file that does not exist.

IndexError: Accessing an invalid index of a sequence will throw an IndexError.

KeyError: When an invalid key is used to access a value in the dictionary.

We can use dir(__builtin__) will list all the errors in Python.

Django Interview Questions

Q. Explain how you can set up the Database in Django.

A. Setting up a Database in Django is quite easy. You can use the regular Python module with a module level representing Django settings. The command you need is edit mysite/setting.py

Django uses SQLite by default. However, if your database choice is different, you will have to change databases by matching your database connection settings with the default database.

• Engines: you can change database by using ‘django.db.backends.sqlite3’ , ‘django.db.backeneds.mysql’, ‘django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’, ‘django.db.backends.oracle’ and so on
• Name: The name of your database. In the case you are using SQLite as your database, it will be a file on your computer. Name should be a full absolute path, including the file name of that file.
• If you are not choosing SQLite as your database, settings like Password, Host, User, etc. must be added.

Since Django’s default database is SQLite, if you have a database server that you want to use instead (for example, PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL etc.), you need to create a new database for your Django project with the database’s administration tools. One way or the other, with your database in place, you have to tell Django how to use it. This is where your project’s settings.py file comes in.

Q. What do the Django templates consist of?

A. Every template is basically just a simple text file and it can be created in all kinds of text-based formats such as CSV, HTML, XML, and others. A template consists of variables that are replaced with values when the template is evaluated and of tags (% tag %) that control the logic of the template.

Q. Explain the use of session in the Django framework.

A. The session in the Django framework lets you store and retrieve data on a per-site-visitor basis. By placing a session ID cookie on the client side and storing all the related data on the server side, Django abstracts the process of sending and receiving cookies.

Q. List out the inheritance styles in Django.

A. There are three possible inheritance styles in Django:

1. Abstract Base Classes – used when you only want parent’s class to hold information that you don’t want to type out for each child model.

2. Multi-table Inheritance – used when you are sub-classing an existing model and need each model to have its own database table.

3. Proxy models – used when only want to modify the Python level behavior of the model without changing the model’s fields.

Q. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python lists?

A. This is one of the Python advanced interview questions and there are multiple things to consider when answering it.

1.         Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers and they support insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation. Python’s list comprehensions make them easy to construct and manipulate.

2.         There are certain limitations. For example, they don’t support vector-based operations like elementwise addition and multiplication. In addition to that, they can contain different types of objects. In a case like that, Python has to store type information for every element and execute type dispatching code when operating on each element.

3.         NumPy is not just more convenient as well as more efficient. It comes with a variety of free vector and matrix operations which help you not to deal with a lot of extra work. In addition to that, they are also efficiently implemented.

4.         NumPy array is faster and it comes with built-in FFTs, convolutions, fast searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms, etc.

Q. Explain the use of decorators.

A. Decorators are used for modifying or injecting code in functions or classes. For example, they enable you to wrap a function or a class method call in order for that piece of code to be executed before or after the execution of the original code.

They are also often used for checking for permissions, logging the calls to a specific method, modifying or tracking the arguments passed to a method etc.

Q. How do you make 3D plots/visualizations using NumPy/SciPy?

A. Keep in mind that 3D graphics is beyond the scope of NumPy and SciPy. However, just like in the case of 2D, there are several packages available that can integrate with NumPy for basic 3D plotting. For example, Matplotlib provides basic 3D plotting in the mplot3d subpackage. Mayavi, on the other hand, provides a wide range of high-quality 3D visualization features, utilizing the powerful VTK engine.

Ending thoughts on Python interview questions

There is a lot to know about Python when getting ready for an interview. Hopefully, these basic Python interview questions can help you to be as prepared as possible. We covered all the common interview questions on Python, some more detailed Python data science interview questions, as well as the basic Python coding interview questions and answers.

All there is left to say is – Good luck!

If you enjoyed reading this article on Python interview questions, you should check out this one about Python vs PHP. 

We also wrote about a few related subjects like web developer interview questions, Node.js interview questions, React interview questions, best IDE for web development, Python web development and Python frameworks.

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And speaking of easy, that is exactly how we would describe Python for web development. It is a very readable language using the basic concepts of an object-oriented programming language (OOP). Thanks to its unique syntax, it is much easier to learn and use compared to other programming languages such as Java, C++, and C.

However, with the right Python framework, things can get even easier. Python frameworks provide a structure to help developers create the apps without having to build every single detail from scratch.

Luckily, Python supports a wide variety of useful frameworks that you can use in web development. However, let’s answer some basic framework-related questions first.

What is a Web Framework?

A web framework is an arrangement designed to support the development of web applications and web APIs. It provides a standard way to build apps while it aims to automate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. It comes with many reusable functionalities.

What is the Framework’s Purpose?

Python web frameworks have two main purposes:

• To simplify the process of creating web apps while achieving the best possible results
• To save time

Why do we use Frameworks?

Website frameworks are very useful for a number of reasons:

• They allow you not to build everything from scratch
• They hide startup things such as creating autoload files, session files, index files etc.
• They give better functionality to process requests
• They follow the latest patterns
• They allow you to attach useful third-party resources

How to choose the right Framework?

Since there are many web application frameworks out there, it might get a bit confusing and hard to decide which one is the right one for you. So when picking the Python web framework of your choice, there are several things to consider.

First, you should take a look at the size and complexity of your project. If you want to build a small and fairly simple app, you should consider using a microframework. If, on the other hand, you want to create a large system full of all kinds of features and requirements, you will need a full-stack framework to get the job done right.

You can find more information about different framework types here. However, keep in mind that the final decision should come from your understanding of your goals and the tasks you want to simplify.

Another thing to keep in mind is the fact that sometimes, a web application framework can stand in the way of web development. The thing is that frameworks usually come with certain limitations. You can either find your ways of working around them or discard them entirely instead of fighting against your own creative freedom.

Full-Stack Frameworks

The full-stack frameworks provide complete support to developers, including elements such as template layouts, form generators, form validation, and more. Let’s take a look at the list of frameworks of this kind that are commonly used with Python.

Django

Many people who decide to build a Python web app decide to use the Django framework. Some would even argue that it is the best web framework because it is very easy to use while also being entirely free of charge.

It was officially released in July 2005 and it has been one of the developers’ favorite ever since. It helps them create complex code and apps easily, it requires much less time compared to other frameworks, and it uses the DRY (don’t repeat yourself) and a model-view-template architectural pattern.

In addition to that, it comes with a huge collection of libraries written in Python, and it emphasizes efficiency, the reusability of components, and less code. The key features include the URL routing, template engine, ORM (object-relational mapper), database schema migrations, and authentication mechanism.

It supports numerous databases including but not limited to PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, and Oracle. As a result of that, the transferring of the code from one database to another is easier than ever.

Some of the most renowned companies believe it is the best Python framework and they use it for their popular web apps, for example, Pinterest, Instagram, The Washington Times, Mozilla, Disqus, Bitbucket, and more.

Web2py

Web2py is another name on the list of web frameworks you should check out if you want to build a Python website. It is one of the open-source and free Python frameworks and it allows you to create dynamic Python web content.

It comes with many useful functionalities, including the debugger, a code editor, and a deployment tool that will help you not only debug code but also maintain your Python web application. Whenever an error occurs, you will get a ticket to keep track of the errors to solve.

The key features include:

• Support for Windows, Unix/Linux, Mac, Google App Engine, and many other platforms
• No additional installation and configuration
• Built-in components to handle HTTP requests, HTTP responses, cookies, and sessions
• Ability to read multiple protocols
• Security against the common threats such as cross-site scripting, injection flaws, and execution of infected files
• Follows model-view-controller (MVC) pattern
• Support for role-based access control and internationalization
• Allows users to embed jQuery for Ajax and UI effects.

TurboGears

TurboGears is an MVC framework for Python web programming of apps based on several WSGI components such as SQLAlchemy, Ming, Repoze, template engines such as Genshi, Kajiki, Cheetah, Myghty, and a number of libraries and middleware.

In addition to that, TurboGears can improve the typical functionality with its great widget system. It can connect both via SQL and Non-SQL databases, and it allows programmers to develop highly scalable data-driven applications.

Other useful features worth mentioning include:

• Form validation with FormEncode
• Useful tools for CLI
• Support for MochiKit integration
• Gearbox that can be used as a project management toolkit
• Possibility to be launched as a microframework

CubicWeb

Cubic is an open-source Python framework developed by Logilab and it is based on the data model. Basically, in order to get a functional app, you have to define the data model. It uses cubes joined together to create an instance with the help of some configuration files, a web server, and a database.

The features worth mentioning include:

• Multiple databases, security workflows, and reusable components
• Support for Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• Embeds Relational Query Language (RQL) in order to simplify the queries related to data.

Giotto

Giotto is another framework for those who use Python in web development. It is an MVC framework which means it separates Model, View, and Controller elements to make it possible for the developers to perform their functions separately and effectively.

In addition to that, it also incorporates controller modules in order to enable users to create applications on top of the web, IRC, or command line.

Pylon

If quick web development in Python is what you are looking for, you should consider using Pylon. It is a lightweight Python framework that incorporates some of the best ideas taken from the programming languages such as Ruby, Perl, and, of course, Python. It is highly flexible and easy to use.

Note: The Pylon framework is in maintenance mode, after being merged with Pyramid to make the Pylons project in order to develop Python-based web technologies.

Non-full-stack Frameworks

The non-full-stack frameworks are ideal for people who want to create small apps or simple websites. They do not provide all of the features and functionalities that come with full-stack frameworks and you need to add a lot of code manually.

The post popular non-full stack Python frameworks include:

Flask

Inspired by the Sinatra Ruby framework, Flask is a Python framework available under the BSD license. It depends on the Werkzeug WSGI toolkit and Jinja2 template.

The main purpose of this simple framework is to build a good app foundation and then grow it with the use of all extensions you might need. It is flexible and easily adaptable to the developers’ needs and the main features include:

• Built-in development server and a fast debugger
• Integrated support for unit testing
• RESTful request dispatching
• Jinja2 templating
• Secure cookies support (client-side sessions)
• WSGI 1.0 compliance
• Unicode-based
• Ability to plug in any ORM
• HTTP request handling

Bottle

Bottle is a microframework originally designed for building APIs. It implements everything in a single source file and it has no dependencies apart from the Python Standard Library. Bottle’s default features include templating, utilities, routing, and a basic abstraction over the WSGI standard.

• Routing — supports requests to function-call mapping, allowing you to achieve clean and dynamic URLs
• Templates — a fast and Pythonic template engine out of the box along with full support for mako, jinja2, and cheetah
• Utilities — comfortable access to form data, file uploads, cookies, headers, and other HTTP-related metadata
• Server — a built-in HTTP development server that supports fapws3, Bjoern, GAE, СherryPy, and any other WSGI-capable HTTP server

It is a great solution for building prototypes fast and easily.

CherryPy

With Django in the first place, CherryPy is the 2nd most popular Python framework. The main difference between the two is that CherryPy doesn’t generate a large amount of template code but it provides a library imported into the project.

It can run several web servers simultaneously and it provides a lot of flexibility to the developers who can enable or disable any variations of templates, databases, and authorization methods.

Moreover, it comes with a very minimalistic environment which is an add-on over the HTTP protocol and allows interaction with all kinds of servers, for instance, Apache.

CherryPy gives you the possibility to configure all the modules of the created software separately, it has a solid plugin repository, and it is great both for beginner developers as well as for seasoned ones.

Tornado

Originally developed at FriendFeed currently owned by Facebook, Tornado is a framework and asynchronous networking library great for Python web programming.

It can scale to tens of thousands of open connections by using the non-blocking network I/O. This makes it perfect for long polling, WebSockets, and other apps that require a long-lived connection to each user.

Falcon

Falcon is microframework great for building higher-level frameworks, Python backend for apps, or small applications themselves. However, keep in mind that it is not suitable for serving HTML pages.

The main features include:

• Highly optimized, extensible code base
• Intuitive routing via URI templates and REST inspired resource classes
• Easy access to headers and bodies through request and response classes
• DRY request processing via middleware components and hooks
• Idiomatic HTTP error responses
• Straightforward exception handling
• Snappy unit testing through WSGI helpers and mocks
• CPython 2.62.7 and 3.3+, or PyPy 2.7 and 3.5+
• Cython support for an extra speed boost under CPython

Sanic

Sanic is built on uvloop and created specifically for fast HTTP responses via asynchronous request handling. It runs on Python 3.5+ and is compatible with its async/await functions thanks to the asynchronous request handlers support. In a benchmark test with one process and 100 connections, Sanic was able to handle 33,342 requests per second.

Zope

Zope is an open source app server and content management framework for those who use Python for website development. Zope can be extended through Python code to fit the developers’ needs in any way they decide to go.

It is an object-oriented platform with many useful features for building custom web applications in both versions 2.x and 3.x of Python programming language. Moreover, Zope 4 allows developers to take advantage of Chameleon-based page templates and improve the performance of web applications by reducing memory consumption.

Dash

If you are a Python data scientist and not too familiar with web development, Dash is the right open-source framework for web development with Python. Dash applications are web servers that run Flask and communicate with JSON packets over HTTP requests. Their frontend renders components with React.js.

A Python web app built with Dash is inherently cross-platform and mobile-ready because it is rendered in the web browser and then can be deployed to servers. In addition to that, you can use the huge set of Flask Plugins to extend the capabilities of this cool framework even further.

Ending thoughts on the best Python frameworks

There are many great Python frameworks out there which makes it hard to choose the best Python framework. The right way to put things would be by saying that there isn’t such thing as the best framework for website development with Python. In fact, the best one is the one that best fits your needs.

With that in mind, you have to ask yourself what kind of app you’re building, how much time you have to build it, what is your budget, etc. Once you know exactly what you want, it will be much easier to find the right framework that will help you get to your goal.

Start by determining whether you need a full-stack framework or not and then take it from there. Get familiar with all the free Python frameworks out there and pick one based on your preference.

If you enjoyed reading this article on Python frameworks, you should check out this one about Python vs PHP. 

We also wrote about a few related subjects like Python web development, web developer interview questions, Python interview questions, Node.js interview questions, React interview questions and best IDE for web development.

The post The best Python frameworks you can use in web development appeared first on TMS.

It is the developers’ favorite for many reasons, most of all its readability and efficiency. When compared to other languages such as PHP, Java, or C++, we can say that Python web development is easier to learn which makes a better choice for beginners. However, that doesn’t mean it won’t get the job done just as well.

There are those who believe Python development is a bit old-fashioned considering it has been around since the late ‘80s, but the thing is – it has survived for so long because it works. And it has reached the peak of its popularity with the introduction of Python 2.0 which brought numerous improvements. So why change it if it works?

Benefits of Python

If you aren’t sure why you should try Python, let’s start by taking a look at the best Python advantages.

Python is Easy

We cannot stress this enough so let’s start by explaining how easy Python web programming actually is. Ask any developer which programming language was easiest to learn and they will all tell you the same thing.

But is Python worth learning? ABSOLUTELY!

When you compare Python to some other programming languages, it might seem like Python was designed for beginners. However, that is not necessarily the truth. Of course, it is perfect for first-time developers but that doesn’t mean the advanced users don’t use Python for web development.

What is Python good for? Well, basically everything the other, more complicated programming languages are good for too – just way simpler.

One of the main advantages of Python is its reliance on whitespace and common expressions which allow you to do a lot more with a lot less code compared to, for example, C++ or Java. Since development is no easy task, why not make it at least a little bit simpler by using Python for website development?

Note: If you think you already know all there is to know about Python web, maybe you could consider learning more about Django programming to expand your knowledge and make yourself more marketable.

More Functions – Less Code

Python web development quite simple because you can easily achieve more functions with fewer lines of code. Basically, if you know the basics, you could build a rudimentary game in 2 days no problem.

Web development with Python is particularly popular among rookies because of its readability and efficiency.

A Stepping Stone to learning other Code

If you are a first-time developer with almost no coding knowledge, you could watch a simple Python web development tutorial and you would be good to start. The best thing about that is that Python is a great stepping stone to learning other code.

Once you understand how Python web development works, it would be much easier for you to understand other programming languages such as JavaScript, Perl, Ruby, and C#.

So how useful is Python? Very useful indeed. Not only can you use it for all your web development projects but it can also help you learn the concepts of the languages grounded on similar principles, allowing you to focus on their syntax.

It tolerates Mistakes

While the majority of programming languages aren’t exactly forgiving of mistakes, that is not the case with Python. Python web development is easy not only because of its amazing readability but also because the code doesn’t break when minor mistakes occur.

So why was Python created?

Python in web development brought an amazing change because it focuses on 4 basic rules that make it stand out from other programming languages:

• Readability is important
• Less is more
• Complex – yes; complicated – no
• Clarity is better than implied

Perfect Language for Building Prototypes

We already know that it takes a lot less time to build something with Python than with most other programming languages simply because it takes fewer lines of the code. With that in mind, when you need to build ideas and prototypes quickly, Python is definitely the way to go.

Great Flexibility

There are several robust Python implementations integrated with other programming languages.

* CPython, a version with C
* Jython, or Python integrated with Java
* IronPython, which is designed for compatibility with .NET and C#
* PyObjc, or Python written with ObjectiveC toolkits
* RubyPython, or Python combined with Ruby.

Perfect Language if you’re on a Budget

When the developers choose the programming language for their upcoming projects, they usually go with what they feel most comfortable with, which ultimately comes down to their own preferences and expertise.

However, if you need a product fast and on a budget, web development in Python is the way to go. Python is perfect for startups and bootstrappers not only because it makes everything quicker and easier.

The Internet of Things (IoT) + Python Combination

The advent of the Internet of Things introduces countless opportunities for Python programmers.

Python web development in combination with platforms such as Raspberry Pi allows developers to build their own devices such as phones, cameras, radios, games etc. through Python.

Building new gadgets with the advanced Python programming concepts and connecting them with the real world markets is not only much easier but it is also relatively cheap.

Python is THE Technology in Blue Chip Sites and Services

Considering Python’s affinity for scale, it isn’t too much of a surprise it’s the core language in many ‘blue chip’ sites and services such as Dropbox, YouTube, Instagram, PayPal, eBay, Yelp, Reddit, Disqus, and games like EVE Online and Second Life among others.

In the terms of Python web development, this simply means that mastering Python with its most popular frameworks makes it easier for you to find work or even build your own service and/or product as a startup.

A Lot of useful Frameworks

Another amazing Python advantage is how flexible Python web programming is thanks to all the amazing frameworks that make Python web development quick and easy. For example, you can turn to frameworks like Django or Flask and focus on writing the app or site rather than get bogged down by tedious legwork.

A framework is basically a bundle of packages and modules that provide certain functionality and can be selectively changed to create application-specific software. When it comes to Python, there are so many robust frameworks available, every web developer will find something they need for their work.

So how do you choose the right framework? For full-fledged web applications, Django and Pyramid are the way to go. For better control and visualization or prototyping an app, Web2py or Flask might be the way to yo. CheeryPy is a must for simple, minimalist solutions. Tornado will handle 10,000 or more concurrent connections to your app at the same time while Dash is the perfect choice for analytical applications.

So let’s take a closer look at the 3 most popular Python frameworks and what they have to offer.

Django

Python web development with Django is easy and effective, defined as “the web framework for perfectionists with deadlines.

What is Django used for? Well, Django language comes with a variety of useful features that allow for a huge range of web apps including GPS solution, database apps, chatbots, and more.

Django web development follows an awesome DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) philosophy which promotes the reuse of code making the Django coding faster and easier than ever. In addition to that, its modular/decoupled architecture allows seamless modification of the code components, allowing you to add or remove components in any way you see fit.

Furthermore, Django development comes with Object-Relational Mapping (ORM), which allows it to work with several databases at once while it also makes it highly compatible with most of the popular databases such as Oracle and SQL.

Last but not least, Django is SEO friendly. For instance, it reduces the page loading time through techniques/features like caching templates and compressing JavaScript.

Pyramid

Pyramid framework defines itself as “not too small, not too big, just right”. It allows you to code a solid foundation for your solution to scale it up as needed. Just like Django, it is compatible with both small and large apps but the difference is in its complexity.

Pyramid really stands out thanks to its amazing plugin system that allows the developers to use whichever plugin they need. This is a great way of implementing multiple solutions for a given task.

In addition to that, Pyramid is great for single-file applications, flexible authentication, and authorization or apps oriented to view predicates.

Flask

While there are many similarities between Django and Pyramid, Flask works a little bit differently. Basically, it is much simpler, very customizable, and easily manageable. If you are a complete beginner, Flask would be the way to go.

Flask is heavily based on Jinja 2 templating and the Werkzeug WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface) toolkit. It is defined as microframework and made specifically for small-scale solutions such as simple apps and APIs with the lean functionality being a no1 priority.

The Reasons to choose Python

There are many programming languages out there and even more frameworks to choose from. Picking the right one is no easy task but there are several reasons why we would recommend Python in web development.

Let’s take a look at some major arguments:

Used and trusted by many large companies

Companies such as Bitbucket, Instagram, Dropbox, Pinterest, and others use Python frameworks like Django and Pyramid in their app development. These frameworks will handle almost everything you throw at them and that is a part of the reason why Python web development is so popular.

Hides complicated low-level details

An average developer doesn’t want to dig deep into every single detail and how it works when developing an app. The above-mentioned frameworks will take care of that and that is why we recommend Python web development for beginners as well as for the advanced users.

Saves you a lot of time

It’s been said before: Time is money. You want to save as much time as possible whenever possible to focus on more important things rather than on the details that a simple framework can easily solve for you.

Website development with Python is fast and easy and it is perfect for building simple prototypes or projects on a budget with short deadlines.

Security

When you build something from scratch on your own, one of the major concerns is handling the security. With the good web framework, however, you don’t have to worry about that because there has been a lot of work put into preventing any misuse of the web application.

Efficient and scalable system

Whenever you scale your website by adding new components or using new databases, you want to make sure the website will scale properly. Unfortunately, with the sites built from scratch, that is often not the case. A good framework, on the other hand, is built to ensure scalability from the very beginning of the development process.

Fun fact: Disqus, a popular blog comment hosting service, has more than eight billion page views and 45K request per second through Python framework Django.

Getting started with Python Frameworks: Tips & Tricks

Learn Python and HTML

Understanding the basics if important before you start working with the framework. Not only should you be comfortable with the fundamentals of Python, but you should also have some basic knowledge of HTML and JS. Modern web development is not possible without them so try not to think Python vs HTML; instead think Python + HTML.

Acquire the Basic Architectural Knowledge

Considering the fact that the frameworks such as Djangoare based on MVC while Flask uses Jinja2 templating engine, it is always better to how these architectures actually work.

Create Simple Applications

Take things step by step rather than rushing into creating full-fledged heavy web apps. Just like with anything in life, with the Python web development, practice makes perfect.

Start by building a simple to-do list. It will help you understand how CRUD functionalities and basic HTTP requests are handled by the framework of your choice. You will better understand how the framework works and how to use it.

Learn to Debug

If you are a new web developer, you should know there is a LOT of debugging in the store for you.Exceptions and bugs are programmer’s best friends and the earlier you learn how the debugging capabilities of the framework work, the better. You need to understand how a code behaves in different situations and how the exceptions work.

Use IDEs like PyCharm that makes your life a lot easier with its smart IntelliSense, debugging capabilities and code optimization tips.

Integrate Third-party Modules

Don’t waste time recreating the wheel; instead, focus on the output for achieving the best results. Most of the utilities you need for database connection (SQLAlchemy), scientific computations (SciPy) and web scraping (BeautifulSoup) are already implemented and used by many so take advantage of that.

That being said, get familiar with Python’s core modules before you go for external integration. A wide array of features is supported by Python’s utility functions and object methods. In addition to that, with Python’s internal tools, you can easily take care of manipulations such as mapping, filtering, and string encoding.  

Python: the Downsides

While Python comes with many pros, we have to admit that there are certain cons worth mentioning.

1. Fewer seasoned developers compared to other languages such as Java.

2. It lacks true multiprocessor support.

3. Slower in performance than other languages.

4. Not the best language for mobile applications and memory intensive tasks.

5. Database access limitations.

6. Concurrency and parallelism are not designed in the language for super-elegant use.

7. Python’s one-line functions (Lambdas) feel quite limited when it comes to metaprogramming of the sort popular in LISP.

8. The only reason not wanting to learn Python is that at some point you must learn JavaScript; and when you do, learning Python will seem useless.

Ending thoughts on Python web development

Web development using Python has been very popular for years – and for all the right reasons. Not only is it a perfect language for beginners but it can also serve you as stepping stone for learning more complicated languages. Python web development is something every developer should give a try. Learning it is a piece of cake while the benefits of learning Python are amazing, especially when it comes to working on a short deadline and/or on a budget.

It comes with a number of useful frameworks and other features, it is very safe and secure, and if you ever encounter an issue or two, Python’s active community and the huge library will help you get through it.

If you enjoyed reading this article on Python web development, you should check out this one about Python vs PHP. 

We also wrote about a few related subjects like best IDE for web development, Python frameworks, web developer interview questions, Python interview questions, Node.js interview questions and React interview questions.

The post Python web development: The reasons it should be your top choice appeared first on TMS.